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VCSEL Industry
Communication and Sensing
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi (Author), Jim Tatum (Author), Kenichi Iga (Author), Nim K. Cheung (Series edited by)
9781119782193, Wiley
Hardback, published 17 December 2021
352 pages
1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg
"VCSELs are an exciting direction for use of laser energy in areas as diverse as communications, sensing, manufacturing, entertainment and mapping – on Earth as well as in space. It is fair to say that at least half the global human population is directly impacted by VCSELs, with many holding them in the palm of their hands. In the near future, people are likely to wear them as VCSEL based smart glasses go mainstream. This book covers this very important topic in excellent scientific detail, with a focus on clear language, rich references and very importantly the linkage of the basic physics and material science to real world applications and challenges. The pedigrees of the authors are impressive – from the invention of the technology to commercialization and application development – and is evident in the mastery of their explanations, historical perspective and unique insights into future directions. A must read book and reference for seasoned practitioners in the optics and related application fields as well as those embarking on new journeys!" "VCSELs evolved to the dominant semiconductor laser format during the past ten years. Not only in terms of volume shipped, but also in terms of generated revenues they're by far the leading semiconductor laser product, today. From my perspective this trend will continue since VCSELs have distinct electro-optical characteristics that can be widely tuned to meet the requirements of new, innovative applications in the sensing and communication markets. Almost every day reports appear on new smartphone functionality, augmented reality, internet of things or autonomous vehicles. All these applications need clever optical sensors and VCSELs provide the ideal photons for them. In that way, VCSELs enable a huge multi-billion Euro market by generating the perfect illumination for such mass applications. "This is a comprehensive and current guide for the VCSEL industry. Interested novices and experienced insiders alike will profit from the readable overview that also includes informative historical and current market information. Key applications where VCSELs are deployed today are outlined. The individual chapters include detailed data and informative graphics and are complemented by useful background. The book closes with an insightful outlook into potential applications. Specific aspects of VCSEL design and manufacturing are explained in an extensive appendix, which provides additional practical help to the interested reader." "This new textbook provides a clear, thorough, and up-to-date review of the VCSEL industry – a vexing challenge given the speed and diversity of VCSEL adoption into new applications, such as LIDAR, AR/VR, etc. The reader will find a rich balance of market and technical information that consolidates salient know-how from textbooks, journals, and conferences. The text utilizes standard symbol conventions and figures that are clear and intuitive. I especially appreciated the comprehensive table summaries and flow charts that contrasts the strengths/weaknesses of competing approaches."
—Sabbir Rangwala, President at Patience Consulting LLC, Former President of Princeton Lightwave (Automotive LiDAR), Senior Contributor to Forbes.com
Therefore, I am convinced that VCSEL technology drives the future not only of consumer electronics, industrial sensing or optical data communication, but also for autonomous driving and quantum technology. These devices will be in every home, every mobile device, every car and within every major industrial production system.
For new VCSEL adopters as well as professionals the new Wiley book VCSEL Industry: Communication & Sensing by Babu Dayal Padullaparthi, Jim Tatum and Kenichi Iga can be highly recommended. It provides new insights in latest developments illustrated with many figures showing the advanced status of VCSEL technology."
—Dr. Berthold Schmidt, Managing Director, TRUMPF Photonic Components GmbH
—Dr. Karlheinz Gulden, CFA, Senior Vice President Laser Devices and Systems, II-VI Incorporated
—Jay Skidmore, VP R&D, 3D Sensing, Lumentum
A hands-on reference to the technical, commercial, and industrial aspects of VCSEL technology In VCSEL Industry: Communication and Sensing, a team of distinguished researchers and manufacturing professionals deliver a thorough and practical reference guide to vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for young entrepreneurs, investors, venture capitalists, and researchers. The authors offer comprehensive descriptions of the technology involved, as well as a robust exploration of the industry and commercial landscape in which VCSELs exist. The book contains numerous illustrations and schematics of the anatomy of VCSEL product developments and an insightful discussion of the proliferation of VCSELs in photonics and optics. There is also a dedicated section on photoreceivers used for VCSEL-based data communications and sensing. VCSEL Industry: Communication and Sensing provides readers with an accessible, commercial perspective of an important technology while offering just enough technical detail to make sense of the subject. The book also includes: Perfect for early-career researchers, engineers, entrepreneurs, investors, and managers, VCSEL Industry: Communication and Sensing will also prove to be an invaluable addition to the libraries of executives from across the semiconductor industry.
About the Book and Authors Biographies xv 1 Semiconductor Lasers and VCSEL History 1 1.1 History and Basics of Semiconductor Lasers 1 2 VCSEL Fundamentals 29 2.1 Introduction to Lasers 29 3 VCSEL Industry: Prospects and Products 47 3.1 Industry Background 47 4 Data Communications Applications 73 4.1 Introduction 73 5 VCSELs for 3D Sensing and Computer Vision 105 5.1 Optical Sensors in Consumer Electronics 105 6 Automotive LiDARs 129 6.1 Introduction to LiDARs 129 7 Illumination, Night Vision, and Industrial Heating 159 7.1 Introduction 159 8 Single-Mode VCSELs for Sensing Applications 169 8.1 Introduction 169 9 Single-Mode VCSELs for Communications Applications 189 9.1 Introduction 189 10 Future Prospects 199 10.1 VCSEL Industry 199 References 205 Appendix A VCSELs Design Engineering 207 Appendix B Epitaxial Growth Engineering 221 Appendix C Wafer Process Engineering 235 Appendix D Wafer Level Testing 245 Appendix E Reliability and Product Qualification 255 Appendix F Eye Safety Considerations 273 Appendix G Laser Displays and TV 277 Appendix H Red VCSELs 287 Appendix I GaN- Based VCSELs 291 Appendix J Photodetectors 297 Image Gallery 311
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Introduction xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
List of Image Contributions xxv
Kenichi Iga
1.2 Semiconductor Lasers and Manufacturing 9
1.3 VCSEL History and Development 11
1.4 Timeline and Milestones 15
1.5 State of VCSEL Development 21
Jim Tatum
2.2 Basic VCSEL Structure 29
2.3 Quantum Well Gain Region (Active Region) 30
2.4 Distributed Bragg Reflector Mirrors 30
2.5 Light Output Characteristic 33
2.6 Forward Voltage Characteristic 33
2.7 Optical Modes 34
2.8 Beam Divergence 36
2.9 Modulation Characteristics 37
2.10 Temperature Characteristics 39
2.11 Thermal Transient Behavior and Short- Pulse Operation 40
2.12 Other VCSEL Structures 41
2.13 VCSEL Materials 44
2.14 Summary 44
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
3.2 VCSEL Industry Landscape 55
3.3 VCSEL Commercial Products 68
3.4 Summary 68
Jim Tatum
4.2 Growing Data 74
4.3 Data Centers and High- Performance Computing 75
4.4 Optical Interconnects 78
4.5 Data Encoding and Multiplexing 84
4.6 High-Speed VCSELs 87
4.7 Optical Link Impairments 95
4.8 Energy Efficient VCSELs 101
4.9 Datacom Market 102
4.10 Summary 102
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
5.2 Why VCSELs for Smart Optical Sensors? 112
5.3 3D Sensing (Mobile) Products 118
5.4 Computer Vision and Virtual Reality 121
5.5 3D Sensing Mobile and Camera Industry Prospects (until 2025) 125
5.6 Summary 126
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
6.2 Operating Principle of LiDARs 134
6.3 VCSELs in LiDAR Industry: Landscape and Direction 137
6.4 Key Aspects of LiDARs 140
6.5 Examples of VCSEL- and EEL-Based LiDARs 146
6.6 Automotive Communication: IVE (Infotainment) and C- V2X 152
6.7 Market Summary 153
Jim Tatum
7.2 Optical Properties of Illumination Sources 159
7.3 Commercial Examples of VCSEL Illuminators 161
7.4 VCSEL-Based Industrial Heating 164
7.5 Summary 167
Kenichi Iga and Jim Tatum
8.2 Single-Mode VCSELs 169
8.3 Single-Mode VCSEL Application Examples 176
8.4 Summary 185
Kenichi Iga and Jim Tatum
9.2 LW-VCSEL Design and Manufacturing 190
9.3 Quantum Communications 193
9.4 Summary 195
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi, Kenichi Iga, and Jim Tatum
10.2 Datacom VCSELs 200
10.3 VCSEL Arrays for 3D Sensing (Short Distance) 200
10.4 VCSEL Arrays for 3D Sensing and Imaging (Long Distance) 201
10.5 kW-Level VCSEL Arrays for Industrial and Night Vision 201
10.6 Single-Mode VCSELs for Communication and Sensing 202
10.7 Quantum Technologies 202
10.8 Neuromorphic/Neurophotonic Technologies 202
10.9 Biomedical/Bio-Photonic Applications 203
10.10 New Directions of VCSEL Technologies (as of March 2021) 203
10.11 Concluding Remarks 204
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
Jim Tatum
Jim Tatum
Jim Tatum
Kenichi Iga
Jim Tatum
Kenichi Iga
Babu Dayal Padullaparthi
Index 313
Subject Areas: Electronics & communications engineering [TJ]
