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UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond
Yong Zeng (Edited by), Y Zeng (Author), Ismail Guvenc (Edited by), Rui Zhang (Edited by), Giovanni Geraci (Edited by), David W. Matolak (Edited by)
9781119575696, Wiley
Hardback, published 31 December 2020
464 pages
25.4 x 17.8 x 3.2 cm, 0.964 kg
Explore foundational and advanced issues in UAV cellular communications with this cutting-edge and timely new resource UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond delivers a comprehensive overview of the potential applications, networking architectures, research findings, enabling technologies, experimental measurement results, and industry standardizations for UAV communications in cellular systems. The book covers both existing LTE infrastructure, as well as future 5G-and-beyond systems. UAV Communications covers a range of topics that will be of interest to students and professionals alike. Issues of UAV detection and identification are discussed, as is the positioning of autonomous aerial vehicles. More fundamental subjects, like the necessary tradeoffs involved in UAV communication are examined in detail. The distinguished editors offer readers an opportunity to improve their ability to plan and design for the near-future, explosive growth in the number of UAVs, as well as the correspondingly demanding systems that come with them. Readers will learn about a wide variety of timely and practical UAV topics, like: Perfect for professional engineers and researchers working in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles, UAV Communications for 5G and Beyond also belongs on the bookshelves of students in masters and PhD programs studying the integration of UAVs into cellular communication systems.
List of Contributors xvii Acronyms xxi Part I Fundamentals of UAV Communications 1 1 Overview 3 1.1 UAV Definitions, Classes, and Global Trend 3 1.2 UAV Communication and Spectrum Requirement 4 1.3 Potential Existing Technologies for UAV Communications 6 1.3.1 Direct Link 6 1.3.2 Satellite 7 1.3.3 Ad-Hoc Network 8 1.3.4 Cellular Network 8 1.4 Two Paradigms in Cellular UAV Communications 9 1.4.1 Cellular-Connected UAVs 9 1.4.2 UAV-Assisted Wireless Communications 10 1.5 New Opportunities and Challenges 11 1.5.1 High Altitude 11 1.5.2 High LoS Probability 12 1.5.3 High 3D Mobility 12 1.5.4 SWAP Constraints 13 1.6 Chapter Summary and Main Organization of the Book 13 References 15 2 A Survey of Air-to-Ground Propagation Channel Modeling for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Literature Review 20 2.2.1 Literature Review on Aerial Propagation 20 2.2.2 Existing Surveys on UAV AG Propagation 21 2.3 UAV AG Propagation Characteristics 22 2.3.1 Comparison of UAV AG and Terrestrial Propagation 22 2.3.2 Frequency Bands for UAV AG Propagation 23 2.3.3 Scattering Characteristics for AG Propagation 24 2.3.4 Antenna Configurations for AG Propagation 24 2.3.5 Doppler Effects 25 2.4 AG Channel Measurements: Configurations, Challenges, Scenarios, and Waveforms 25 2.4.1 Channel Measurement Configurations 26 2.4.2 Challenges in AG Channel Measurements 29 2.4.3 AG Propagation Scenarios 29 2.4.3.1 Open Space 31 2.4.3.2 Hilly/Mountainous 31 2.4.3.3 Forest 32 2.4.3.4 Water/Sea 32 2.4.4 Elevation Angle Effects 32 2.5 UAV AG Propagation Measurement and Simulation Results in the Literature 33 2.5.1 Path Loss/Shadowing 33 2.5.2 Delay Dispersion 36 2.5.3 Narrowband Fading and Ricean K-factor 36 2.5.4 Doppler Spread 37 2.5.5 Effects of UAV AG Measurement Environment 37 2.5.5.1 Urban/Suburban 38 2.5.5.2 Rural/Open Field 38 2.5.5.3 Mountains/Hilly, Over Sea, Forest 39 2.5.6 Simulations for Channel Characterization 40 2.6 UAV AG Propagation Models 41 2.6.1 AG Propagation Channel Model Types 41 2.6.2 Path-Loss and Large-Scale Fading Models 42 2.6.2.1 Free-Space Path-Loss Model 43 2.6.2.2 Floating-Intercept Path-Loss Model 43 2.6.2.3 Dual-Slope Path-Loss Model 43 2.6.2.4 Log-Distance Path-Loss Model 45 2.6.2.5 Modified FSPL Model 45 2.6.2.6 Two-Ray PL Model 45 2.6.2.7 Log-Distance FI Model 45 2.6.2.8 LOS/NLOS Mixture Path-Loss Model 46 2.6.3 Airframe Shadowing 47 2.6.4 Small-Scale Fading Models 47 2.6.5 Intermittent MPCs 48 2.6.6 Effect of Frequency Bands on Channel Models 51 2.6.7 MIMO AG Propagation Channel Models 52 2.6.8 Comparison of Different AG Channel Models 54 2.6.8.1 Large-Scale Fading Models 54 2.6.8.2 Small-Scale Fading Models 54 2.6.9 Comparison of Traditional Channel Models with UAV AG Propagation Channel Models 55 2.6.10 Ray Tracing Simulations 56 2.6.11 3GPP Channel Models for UAVs 58 2.7 Conclusions 60 References 60 3 UAV Detection and Identification 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 RF-Based UAV Detection Techniques 75 3.2.1 RF Fingerprinting Technique 76 3.2.2 WiFi Fingerprinting Technique 76 3.3 Multistage UAV RF Signal Detection 77 3.3.1 Preprocessing Step: Multiresolution Analysis 78 3.3.2 The Naive Bayesian Decision Mechanism for RF Signal Detection 82 3.3.3 Detection of WiFi and Bluetooth Interference 84 3.4 UAV Classification Using RF Fingerprints 89 3.4.1 Feature Selection Using Neighborhood Components Analysis (NCA) 91 3.5 Experimental Results 92 3.5.1 Experimental Setup 92 3.5.2 Detection Results 94 3.5.3 UAV Classification Results 95 3.6 Conclusion 100 Acknowledgments 100 References 100 Part II Cellular-Connected UAV Communications 103 4 Performance Analysis for Cellular-Connected UAVs 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.1.1 Motivation 105 4.1.2 Related Works 107 4.1.3 Contributions and Chapter Structure 108 4.2 Modelling Preliminaries 109 4.2.1 Stochastic Geometry 109 4.2.2 Network Architecture 110 4.2.3 Channel Model 111 4.2.4 Blockage Modeling and LoS Probability 112 4.2.5 User Association Strategy and Link SINR 112 4.3 Performance Analysis 112 4.3.1 Exact Coverage Probability 113 4.3.2 Approximations for UAV Coverage Probability 115 4.3.2.1 Discarding NLoS and Noise Effects 116 4.3.2.2 Moment Matching 116 4.3.3 Achievable Throughput and Area Spectral Efficiency Analysis 118 4.4 System Design: Study Cases and Discussion 119 4.4.1 Analysis of Accuracy 119 4.4.2 Design Parameters 120 4.4.2.1 Impact of UAV Altitude 120 4.4.2.2 Impact of UAV Antenna Beamwidth 121 4.4.2.3 Impact of UAV Antenna Tilt 123 4.4.2.4 Impact of Different Types of Environment 123 4.4.3 Heterogeneous Networks – Tier Selection 125 4.4.4 Network Densification 127 4.5 Conclusion 129 References 136 5 Performance Enhancements for LTE-Connected UAVs: Experiments and Simulations 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 LTE Live Network Measurements 140 5.2.1 Downlink Experiments 141 5.2.2 Path-Loss Model Characterization 145 5.2.3 Uplink Experiments 145 5.3 Performance in LTE Networks 149 5.4 Reliability Enhancements 150 5.4.1 Interference Cancellation 151 5.4.2 Inter-Cell Interference Control 152 5.4.3 CoMP 152 5.4.4 Antenna Beam Selection 153 5.4.5 Dual LTE Access 155 5.4.6 Dedicated Spectrum 158 5.4.7 Discussion 158 5.5 Summary and Outlook 159 References 160 6 3GPP Standardization for Cellular-Supported UAVs 163 6.1 Short Introduction to LTE and NR 163 6.1.1 LTE Physical Layer and MIMO 165 6.1.2 NR Physical Layer and MIMO 166 6.2 Drones Served by Mobile Networks 167 6.2.1 Interference Detection and Mitigation 168 6.2.2 Mobility for Drones 170 6.2.3 Need for Drone Identification and Authorization 171 6.3 3GPP Standardization Support for UAVs 172 6.3.1 Measurement Reporting Based on RSRP Level of Multiple Cells 172 6.3.2 Height, Speed, and Location Reporting 174 6.3.3 Uplink Power Control Enhancement 175 6.3.4 Flight Path Signalling 175 6.3.5 Drone Authorization and Identification 176 6.4 Flying Mode Detection in Cellular Networks 177 References 179 7 Enhanced Cellular Support for UAVs with Massive MIMO 181 7.1 Introduction 181 7.2 System Model 181 7.2.1 Cellular Network Topology 183 7.2.2 System Model 184 7.2.3 Massive MIMO Channel Estimation 186 7.2.4 Massive MIMO Spatial Multiplexing 186 7.3 Single-User Downlink Performance 187 7.3.1 UAV Downlink C&C Channel 187 7.4 Massive MIMO Downlink Performance 190 7.4.1 UAV Downlink C&C Channel 190 7.4.2 UAV–GUE Downlink Interplay 192 7.5 Enhanced Downlink Performance 194 7.5.1 UAV Downlink C&C Channel 195 7.5.2 UAV–GUE Downlink Interplay 196 7.6 Uplink Performance 197 7.6.1 UAV Uplink C&C Channel and Data Streaming 197 7.6.2 UAV–GUE Uplink Interplay 198 7.7 Conclusions 199 References 200 8 High-Capacity Millimeter Wave UAV Communications 203 8.1 Motivation 203 8.2 UAV Roles and Use Cases Enabled by Millimeter Wave Communication 206 8.2.1 UAV Roles in Cellular Networks 206 8.2.2 UAV Use Cases Enabled by High-Capacity Cellular Networks 207 8.3 Aerial Channel Models at Millimeter Wave Frequencies 208 8.3.1 Propagation Considerations for Aerial Channels 208 8.3.1.1 Atmospheric Considerations 208 8.3.1.2 Blockages 210 8.3.2 Air-to-Air Millimeter Wave Channel Model 211 8.3.3 Air-to-Ground Millimeter Wave Channel Model 212 8.3.4 Ray Tracing as a Tool to Obtain Channel Measurements 214 8.4 Key Aspects of UAV MIMO Communication at mmWave Frequencies 215 8.5 Establishing Aerial mmWave MIMO Links 219 8.5.1 Beam Training and Tracking for UAV Millimeter Wave Communication 219 8.5.2 Channel Estimation and Tracking in Aerial Environments 219 8.5.3 Design of Hybrid Precoders and Combiners 221 8.6 Research Opportunities 222 8.6.1 Sensing at the Tower 222 8.6.2 Joint Communication and Radar 222 8.6.3 Positioning and Mapping 223 8.7 Conclusions 223 References 223 Part III UAV-Assisted Wireless Communications 231 9 Stochastic Geometry-Based Performance Analysis of Drone Cellular Networks 233 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Overview of the System Model 235 9.2.1 Spatial Model 235 9.2.2 3GPP-Inspired Mobility Model 236 9.2.3 Channel Model 237 9.2.4 Metrics of Interest 237 9.3 Average Rate 238 9.4 Handover Probability 242 9.5 Results and Discussion 246 9.5.1 Density of Interfering DBSs 247 9.5.2 Average Rate 247 9.5.3 Handover Probability 249 9.6 Conclusion 250 Acknowledgment 251 References 251 10 UAV Placement and Aerial–Ground Interference Coordination 255 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Literature Review 256 10.3 UABS Use Case for AG-HetNets 259 10.4 UABS Placement in AG-HetNet 260 10.5 AG-HetNet Design Guidelines 264 10.5.1 Path-Loss Model 265 10.5.1.1 Log-Distance Path-Loss Model 265 10.5.1.2 Okumura–Hata Path-Loss Model 266 10.6 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 266 10.6.1 UE Association and Scheduling 269 10.7 Simulation Results 270 10.7.1 5pSE with UABSs Deployed on Hexagonal Grid 270 10.7.1.1 5pSE with Log-Normal Path-Loss Model 270 10.7.1.2 5pSE with Okumura–Hata Path-Loss Model 271 10.7.2 5pSE with GA-Based UABS Deployment Optimization 273 10.7.2.1 5pSE with Log-Normal Path-Loss Model 273 10.7.2.2 5pSE with Okumura–Hata Path-Loss model 275 10.7.3 Performance Comparison Between Fixed (Hexagonal) and Optimized UABS Deployment with eICIC and FeICIC 276 10.7.3.1 Influence of LDPLM on 5pSE 277 10.7.3.2 Influence of OHPLM on 5pSE 277 10.7.4 Comparison of Computation Time for Different UABS Deployment Algorithms 277 10.8 Concluding remarks 279 References 279 11 Joint Trajectory and Resource Optimization 283 11.1 General Problem Formulation 283 11.2 Initial Path Planning via the Traveling Salesman and Pickup-and-Delivery Problems 285 11.2.1 TSP without Return 286 11.2.2 TSP with Given Initial and Final Locations 287 11.2.3 TSP with Neighborhood 287 11.2.4 Pickup-and-Delivery Problem 288 11.3 Trajectory Discretization 290 11.3.1 Time Discretization 290 11.3.2 Path Discretization 291 11.4 Block Coordinate Descent 291 11.5 Successive Convex Approximation 292 11.6 Unified Algorithm 295 11.7 Summary 296 References 296 12 Energy-Efficient UAV Communications 299 12.1 UAV Energy Consumption Model 299 12.1.1 Fixed-Wing Energy Model 300 12.1.1.1 Forces on a UAV 300 12.1.1.2 Straight and Level Flight 301 12.1.1.3 Circular Flight 302 12.1.1.4 Arbitrary Level Flight 303 12.1.1.5 Arbitrary 3D Flight 304 12.1.2 Rotary-Wing Energy Model 304 12.2 Energy Efficiency Maximization 306 12.3 Energy Minimization with Communication Requirement 310 12.4 UAV–Ground Energy Trade-off 312 12.5 Chapter Summary 312 References 313 13 Fundamental Trade-Offs for UAV Communications 315 13.1 Introduction 315 13.2 Fundamental Trade-offs 317 13.2.1 Throughput–Delay Trade-Off 317 13.2.2 Throughput–Energy Trade-Off 318 13.2.3 Delay–Energy Trade-Off 319 13.3 Throughput–Delay Trade-Off 319 13.3.1 Single-UAV-Enabled Wireless Network 319 13.3.2 Multi-UAV-Enabled Wireless Network 321 13.4 Throughput–Energy Trade-Off 323 13.4.1 UAV Propulsion Energy Consumption Model 323 13.4.2 Energy-Constrained Trajectory Optimization 324 13.5 Further Discussions and Future Work 325 13.6 Chapter Summary 327 References 327 14 UAV–Cellular Spectrum Sharing 329 14.1 Introduction 329 14.1.1 Cognitive Radio 329 14.1.1.1 Overlay Spectrum Sharing 329 14.1.1.2 Underlay Spectrum Sharing 330 14.1.2 Drone Communication 330 14.1.2.1 UAV Spectrum Sharing 331 14.1.2.2 UAV Spectrum Sharing with Exclusive Regions 332 14.1.3 Chapter Overview 333 14.2 SNR Meta-Distribution of Drone Networks 333 14.2.1 Stochastic Geometry Analysis 333 14.2.2 Characteristic Function of the SNR Meta-Distribution 334 14.2.3 LOS Probability 338 14.3 Spectrum Sharing of Drone Networks 338 14.3.1 Spectrum Sharing in Single-Tier DSCs 339 14.3.2 Spectrum Sharing with Cellular Network 342 14.4 Summary 345 References 346 Part IV Other Advanced Technologies for UAV Communications 349 15 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for UAV Communications 351 15.1 Introduction 351 15.1.1 Motivation 352 15.2 User-Centric Strategy for Emergency Communications 352 15.2.1 System Model 354 15.2.1.1 Far user case 354 15.2.1.2 Near user case 355 15.2.2 Coverage Probability of the User-Centric Strategy 356 15.3 UAV-Centric Strategy for Offloading Actions 359 15.3.1 SINR Analysis 360 15.3.2 Coverage Probability of the UAV-Centric Strategy 361 15.4 Numerical Results 364 15.4.1 User-Centric Strategy 365 15.4.2 UAV-Centric Strategy 367 15.5 Conclusions 369 References 369 16 Physical Layer Security for UAV Communications 373 16.1 Introduction 373 16.2 Breaching Security in Wireless Networks 374 16.2.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 374 16.2.2 Masquerade Attacks 374 16.2.3 Message Modification Attacks 374 16.2.4 Eavesdropping Intruders 375 16.2.5 Traffic Analysis 375 16.3 Wireless Network Security Requirements 375 16.3.1 Authenticity 375 16.3.2 Confidentiality 376 16.3.3 Integrity 376 16.3.4 Availability 376 16.4 Physical Layer Security 376 16.4.1 Physical Layer versus Upper Layers 377 16.4.2 Physical Layer Security Techniques 377 16.4.2.1 Artificial Noise 378 16.4.2.2 Cooperative Jamming 378 16.4.2.3 Protected Zone 378 16.5 Physical Layer Security for UAVs 379 16.5.1 UAV Trajectory Design to Enhance PLS 379 16.5.2 Cooperative Jamming to Enhance PLS 381 16.5.3 Spectral- and Energy-Efficient PLS Techniques 382 16.6 A Case Study: Secure UAV Transmission 383 16.6.1 System Model 383 16.6.1.1 Location Distribution and mmWave Channel Model 385 16.6.2 Protected Zone Approach for Enhancing PLS 385 16.6.3 Secure NOMA for UAV BS Downlink 386 16.6.3.1 Secrecy Outage and Sum Secrecy Rates 386 16.6.3.2 Shape Optimization for Protected Zone 388 16.6.3.3 Numerical Results 389 16.6.3.4 Location of the Most Detrimental Eavesdropper 389 16.6.3.5 Impact of the Protected Zone Shape on Secrecy Rates 390 16.6.3.6 Variation of Secrecy Rates with Altitude 391 Summary 392 References 393 17 UAV-Enabled Wireless Power Transfer 399 17.1 Introduction 399 17.2 System Model 401 17.3 Sum-Energy Maximization 402 17.4 Min-Energy Maximization under Infinite Charging Duration 403 17.4.1 Multi-Location-Hovering Solution 404 17.5 Min-Energy Maximization Under Finite Charging Duration 407 17.5.1 Successive Hover-and-Fly Trajectory Design 407 17.5.1.1 Flying Distance Minimization to Visit Γ Hovering Locations 407 17.5.1.2 Hovering Time Allocation When T ≥ Tfly 408 17.5.1.3 Trajectory Refinement When T < Tfly 409 17.5.2 SCA-Based Trajectory Design 409 17.6 Numerical Results 411 17.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 413 References 415 18 Ad-Hoc Networks in the Sky 417 18.1 Communication Support for UAVs 417 18.1.1 Satellite Connectivity 418 18.1.2 Cellular Connectivity 420 18.1.3 Aerial Connectivity 420 18.2 The Mobility Challenge 421 18.2.1 UAS-to-UAS Communication 421 18.2.2 Mobility Models 422 18.3 Establishing an Ad-Hoc Network 423 18.3.1 Network Addressing 424 18.3.2 Routing 425 18.4 Standards 426 18.4.1 ASTM: Remote ID for UAS 426 18.4.2 EUROCAE: Safe, Secure, and Efficient UAS Operations 426 18.4.3 3GPP: 4G LTE and 5G Support for Connected UAS Operations 426 18.4.4 IEEE P1920.1: Aerial Communications and Networking Standards 427 18.4.5 IEEE P1920.2: Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications Standard for UAS 427 18.5 Technologies and Products 427 18.5.1 Silvus Streamcaster 427 18.5.2 goTenna 427 18.5.3 MPU5 and Wave Relay from Persistent Systems 428 18.5.4 Kinetic Mesh Networks from Rajant 428 18.6 Software-Defined Network as a Solution for UAV Networks 428 18.7 Summary 429 References 429 Index 433
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Subject Areas: Electronics & communications engineering [TJ]
