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Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment
De-Sheng Pei (Edited by), DS Pei (Author), Yiyun Liu (Edited by)
9781394158324, Wiley
Hardback, published 13 March 2025
416 pages
28.2 x 22.3 x 2.8 cm, 1.361 kg
Comprehensive resource covering toxicology fundamentals, distribution of pollutants in the environment, and research methodologies for toxicological assessment of chemical mixtures Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment offers an in-depth exploration of various approaches and molecular mechanisms regarding how minor alterations in chemical mixtures can influence an organism’s toxicity, along with discussion of the challenges associated with assessing mixtures. The first section of the book provides a concise introduction to the background and significance of combined toxicity. Section two delves into the primary sources and enrichment mechanisms of different chemical mixtures, elucidating the biological exposure pathways of these compounds. Section three introduces both classical and emerging toxicological research models in detail. Building on the descriptions of compound emission, migration, accumulation, and transformation processes, and the analysis of combined molecular toxicity in the preceding sections, section four introduces computer mathematical modeling methods for hazard assessment of compound mixtures. The final section details the challenges and future trends in this field. Written by a highly qualified author and seasoned research contributor in the field, Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment covers sample topics including: Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment serves as a valuable reference for researchers, students, and policymakers involved in environmental management and protection. It is particularly relevant for toxicologists, risk assessors, and those engaged in the molecular modeling of toxic mixtures.
Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Contributors xix 1 Introduction to Combined Toxicology, Background, Key Terminologies, and Significance 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Key Terminologies 5 1.3 Significance 7 2 Toxicokinetics of Chemical Mixture Exposure in the Environment 13 2.1 Unveiling Toxicokinetics 13 2.2 Toxicokinetics and Chemical Mixture Assessment 13 2.3 List of Toxic Chemicals/Pollutants Present in the Environment 15 2.4 Toxicokinetics of Selected Organohalide Compounds/Mixtures 16 2.5 Conclusions 24 3 Toxicodynamics of Chemical Mixtures Exposure in the Organism Body 29 3.1 Chemical Mixtures in Environment 29 3.2 Model Organism in Toxicology 32 3.3 Toxicodynamics of Chemical Mixtures 35 3.4 Conclusions 39 4 Principal Sources, Fate, and Mechanism of Chemical Mixtures in the Environment 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 MP Mixtures 47 4.3 Pesticide Mixtures 49 4.4 HM and Metalloid Metal Mixtures 50 4.5 Nanoparticle Mixtures 51 4.6 Persistent Organic Pollutants 51 4.7 Antibiotic Mixtures 52 4.8 Conclusions 53 5 Experimental Designs and Sampling Strategies for Combined Toxicity Studies Based on Concentrations 61 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Need for Risk Assessment Studies 62 5.3 Risk Assessment of Mixture Toxicity 62 5.4 Experimental Designs and Methodologies for Mixture Toxicity 62 5.5 Concentration of Mixture Substances 64 5.6 Concentration-based Strategy 65 5.7 Ecotoxicity Tests: Acute (Short-term Exposure) and Chronic Test (Long-term Exposure) 66 5.8 Sampling of Biomarkers 71 5.9 Animal Models for Combined Toxicity 72 5.10 Conclusions 76 6 Migration and Transformation of Chemical Pollutants as Mixtures 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 84 6.3 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers 85 6.4 Tetrabromobisphenol A and Its Derivatives 87 6.5 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 88 6.6 Organophosphorus Flame Retardants 89 6.7 Phthalic Acid Esters 90 6.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 91 6.9 Alkylphenols 92 6.10 Methylsiloxanes 93 7 Analytical Techniques Used to Detect Chemical Mixtures in the Environment 103 7.1 Introduction 103 7.2 Navigating the Complexities of Mixture Toxicity: A Persistent Challenge in Environmental Health 104 7.3 Advancing Environmental Monitoring: Toward a Holistic Understanding of Chemical Mixtures 104 7.4 Sample Preparation: Enhancing Specificity and Efficiency in Mixture Analysis 106 7.5 Expanding the Analytical Toolbox: Emerging Extraction Techniques for Complex Environmental Matrices 107 7.6 Analytical Techniques for Characterizing Organic Pollutants: Advancing Beyond Traditional Approaches 108 7.7 Outlook: Toward Holistic Environmental Monitoring with Advanced Analytical Tools 111 8 Common Toxicological Experimental Models 115 8.1 Male Reproductive Function 115 8.2 Female Reproductive Function 120 9 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Heavy Metals Mixtures 125 9.1 Introduction: Heavy Metal Exposures Are Everywhere 125 9.2 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Cardiovascular System 125 9.3 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Nervous System 129 9.4 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Male Reproductive System 133 9.5 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Female Reproductive System 135 9.6 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Liver 138 9.7 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Immune System 139 9.8 Combined Toxicity of Heavy Metals Mixture in the Regulation of Immune Mediators 145 9.9 Combined Toxicity of Heavy Metals Mixture in the Immune Response to the Immunogen 146 9.10 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Tumorigenesis 147 9.11 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Orofacial Clefts 149 9.12 Combined Molecular Toxicity of Heavy Metal Mixtures in the Olfactory System 152 10 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Pesticide Mixtures 173 10.1 Introduction 173 10.2 Epidemiology of Pesticide Pollution 174 10.3 Diseases Caused by Pesticides 174 10.4 The Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanisms of Pesticide Mixtures 175 10.5 Summary 178 11 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Persistent Organic Pollutant Mixtures 183 11.1 Introduction 183 11.2 Design of the Components of POP Mixtures and Their Concentrations 184 11.3 Developmental Toxicity of POP Mixtures 189 11.4 Endocrine Effects of POP Mixtures 189 11.5 Molecular Toxicity Mechanisms of POPs 191 11.6 Conclusions 192 12 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Emerging Pollutant Mixtures 195 12.1 Introduction 195 12.2 ADIs or Reactions of Pharmaceutical Mixtures 197 12.3 Mechanistic Toxicology of PPCP Mixtures 198 12.4 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Studies 201 13 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Phthalate Mixtures 209 13.1 Human Exposure of Phthalates 209 13.2 PAEs and Diseases 211 13.3 The Toxic Molecular Mechanisms of PAEs Mixture 215 13.4 Conclusion 224 14 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Microplastics Mixtures 239 14.1 Introduction 239 14.2 Heavy Metals 239 14.3 Persistent Organic Pollutants 241 14.4 Pathogens 243 14.5 Engineered Nanomaterials 244 14.6 Other Contaminants 245 14.7 Conclusion and Prospect 245 15 Combined Molecular Toxicity Mechanism of Flame Retardant Mixtures 249 15.1 Introduction 249 15.2 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage 250 15.3 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Endocrine Disruption and Reproduction Toxicity 257 15.4 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Neurotoxicity 259 15.5 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Immunotoxicity 262 15.6 Synergistic Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Growth, Development, and Organ 262 15.7 Antagonism Effects of OFR Co-exposure on Growth, Development, and Organ 266 15.8 Summary and Perspectives 267 16 Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) of Combined Pollutant Mixtures and Their Toxicogenetic Endpoints 275 16.1 Introduction 275 16.2 Originated AOP and Approaches of Research in Public Databases 277 16.3 AOP Development Program 278 16.4 Pollutants 282 16.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 288 16.6 Conclusion 288 17 Mathematical Model for Combined Toxicity Prediction 293 17.1 Significance of Predicting Combined Toxicity 293 17.2 Fundamental Concepts of Combined Toxicity 294 17.3 Relevance of Combined Toxicity in Environmental Hazard Evaluation 301 17.4 Mathematical Models for Combined Toxicity Prediction 302 17.5 Evaluation of Model and Selection Criteria 335 17.6 Future Directions and Research Needs 335 17.7 Conclusion 336 18 Novel Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Tox21 Techniques for Combined Toxicity Prediction 343 18.1 Introduction 343 18.2 Computational Approaches and the Policy 343 18.3 The Methods for QSAR Models 344 18.4 Tox21 and ToxCast 344 18.5 The Cases of QSAR Studies for Prediction of the Toxicity of Chemical Mixtures 346 18.6 Future Avenues of Chemical Mixture Toxicity Prediction Research 349 19 Challenges and Prospects in the Application of Experimental, Analytical, and Predictive Models in Combined Toxicity Assessment 351 19.1 Introduction 351 19.2 Experimental Models 352 19.3 Analytical Methods 355 19.4 Mathematical Models 356 19.5 Challenges and Future Prospects Associated with Combined Toxicity Assessment 357 19.6 Conclusion 359 20 Future Research Perspectives of Combined Toxicology 365 20.1 Introduction 365 20.2 General Terms of TA 366 20.3 Exposure to Combined Chemicals or Mixtures 367 20.4 Risk Exposure Assessment 369 20.5 Limitations in Current Knowledge of Combined Chemical Exposure 372 20.6 Data Limitations 372 20.7 Improvements and Future Perspectives 374 21 Combined Toxicity of Chemicals: Final Thoughts and Concluding Remarks 381 21.1 Summary of Key Findings of This Book 381 21.2 Final Thoughts 381 21.3 Concluding Remarks 382 Index 385
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Subject Areas: Chemistry [PN]
