Contributor List

Background 3

Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments 25

Toxic Air Pollutants and Their Sources 33

Assessment and Control of Toxic Air Pollutants 50

Evaluation of Toxicological Data 57

Quantitative Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment 79

Noncancer Toxicity of Inhaled Toxic Air Pollutants: Available Approaches for Risk Assessment and Risk Management 100

Exposure Assessment Principles 133

Source Sampling and Analysis 166

Emissions Estimation 217

Air Dispersion and Deposition Models 226

Atmospheric Transformation and Removal of Air Toxics 241

Human Intake 249

Population and Activity Analysis 264

Ecological Risk Assessment 280

Legislative and Legal Considerations 291

Ambient Concentration Limits 313

Technology Standards 325

Risk Assessment and Risk Management 341

Cost-Benefit Approaches 362

Gaseous Toxic Air Pollutant Control Technologies 373

Fugitive Emissions Controls 398

Pollution Prevention 440

Special Sources of Toxic Air Pollutants 461

Mobile Sources and Air Toxics 469

Other Programs That Control Toxic Air Pollutants 489

Control of Air Toxics in Other Countries 505

Risk Communication on Toxic Air Pollutants 514

Ap A Noncancer Toxicity of Inhaled Air Pollutants: Available Approaches for Risk Assessment and Risk Management 529

Ap B Supplementary Procedures for Obtaining Fugitive Emission Estimates 542

Ap C Response Factors 550

Ap D Vacuum Bagging 552

Ap E Blow-Through Bagging 555

Ap F Recirculation Bagging 558

Ap G Exposure and Risk Models 559

Acronyms and Abbreviations 567

Bibliography 573

Index 579