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Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA
Wideband Wireless Communications
Henrik Schulze (Author), Christian Lueders (Author)
9780470850695, Wiley
Hardback, published 28 July 2005
432 pages
25.5 x 16.8 x 3.1 cm, 0.936 kg
Theory and Applications of OFDM and CDMA is an ideal foundation textbook for those seeking a sound knowledge of this fast-developing field of wideband communications. The advanced transmission techniques of OFDM, applied in wireless LANs and in digital and video broadcasting, and CDMA, the foundation of 3G mobile communications, have been part of almost every communication system that has been designed in recent years, with both offering a high degree of flexibility in adjusting the system to the requirements of the application and to the impairments caused by the transmission channel. Starting from the basics of digital transmission theory, the reader gains a comprehensive overview of the underlying ideas of these techniques and their strengths and weaknesses under various conditions. In this context, the specific requirements of the mobile radio channel and their relevance for the design of digital transmission systems are discussed and related to the items of channel coding and modulation. This volume will be an invaluable resource to advanced undergraduate students and first/second year postgraduates of electrical and engineering and telecommunications. It will also appeal to practising engineers, researchers and those in academia who wish to expand their knowledge on modern aspects of digital communications and systems in a mobile radio environment.
Preface ix 1 Basics of Digital Communications 1 2 Mobile Radio Channels 51 3 Channel Coding 93 4 OFDM 145 5 CDMA 265 Bibliography 397
1.1 Orthogonal Signals and Vectors 1
1.1.1 The Fourier base signals 1
1.1.2 The signal space 5
1.1.3 Transmitters and detectors 7
1.1.4 Walsh functions and orthonormal transmit bases 12
1.1.5 Nonorthogonal bases 17
1.2 Baseband and Passband Transmission 18
1.2.1 Quadrature modulator 20
1.2.2 Quadrature demodulator 22
1.3 The AWGN Channel 23
1.3.1 Mathematical wideband AWGN 25
1.3.2 Complex baseband AWGN 25
1.3.3 The discrete AWGN channel 29
1.4 Detection of Signals in Noise 30
1.4.1 Sufficient statistics 30
1.4.2 Maximum likelihood sequence estimation 32
1.4.3 Pairwise error probabilities 34
1.5 Linear Modulation Schemes 38
1.5.1 Signal-to-noise ratio and power efficiency 38
1.5.2 ASK and QAM 40
1.5.3 PSK 43
1.5.4 DPSK 44
1.6 Bibliographical Notes 46
1.7 Problems 47
2.1 Multipath Propagation 51
2.2 Characterization of Fading Channels 54
2.2.1 Time variance and Doppler spread 54
2.2.2 Frequency selectivity and delay spread 60
2.2.3 Time- and frequency-variant channels 62
2.2.4 Time-variant random systems: the WSSUS model 63
2.2.5 Rayleigh and Ricean channels 66
2.3 Channel Simulation 67
2.4 Digital Transmission over Fading Channels 72
2.4.1 The MLSE receiver for frequency nonselective and slowly fading channels 72
2.4.2 Real-valued discrete-time fading channels 74
2.4.3 Pairwise error probabilities for fading channels 76
2.4.4 Diversity for fading channels 78
2.4.5 The MRC receiver 80
2.4.6 Error probabilities for fading channels with diversity 82
2.4.7 Transmit antenna diversity 86
2.5 Bibliographical Notes 90
2.6 Problems 91
3.1 General Principles 93
3.1.1 The concept of channel coding 93
3.1.2 Error probabilities 97
3.1.3 Some simple linear binary block codes 100
3.1.4 Concatenated coding 103
3.1.5 Log-likelihood ratios and the MAP receiver 105
3.2 Convolutional Codes 114
3.2.1 General structure and encoder 114
3.2.2 MLSE for convolutional codes: the Viterbi algorithm 121
3.2.3 The soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) 124
3.2.4 MAP decoding for convolutional codes: the BCJR algorithm 125
3.2.5 Parallel concatenated convolutional codes and turbo decoding 128
3.3 Reed–Solomon Codes 131
3.3.1 Basic properties 131
3.3.2 Galois field arithmetics 133
3.3.3 Construction of Reed–Solomon codes 135
3.3.4 Decoding of Reed–Solomon codes 140
3.4 Bibliographical Notes 142
3.5 Problems 143
4.1 General Principles 145
4.1.1 The concept of multicarrier transmission 145
4.1.2 OFDM as multicarrier transmission 149
4.1.3 Implementation by FFT 153
4.1.4 OFDM with guard interval 154
4.2 Implementation and Signal Processing Aspects for OFDM 160
4.2.1 Spectral shaping for OFDM systems 160
4.2.2 Sensitivity of OFDM signals against nonlinearities 166
4.3 Synchronization and Channel Estimation Aspects for OFDM Systems 175
4.3.1 Time and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems 175
4.3.2 OFDM with pilot symbols for channel estimation 181
4.3.3 The Wiener estimator 183
4.3.4 Wiener filtering for OFDM 186
4.4 Interleaving and Channel Diversity for OFDM Systems 192
4.4.1 Requirements of the mobile radio channel 192
4.4.2 Time and frequency interleavers 194
4.4.3 The diversity spectrum of a wideband multicarrier channel 199
4.5 Modulation and Channel Coding for OFDM Systems 208
4.5.1 OFDM systems with convolutional coding and QPSK 208
4.5.2 OFDM systems with convolutional coding and M2-QAM 213
4.5.3 Convolutionally coded QAM with real channel estimation and imperfect interleaving 227
4.5.4 Antenna diversity for convolutionally coded QAM multicarrier systems 235
4.6 OFDM System Examples 242
4.6.1 The DAB system 242
4.6.2 The DVB-T system 251
4.6.3 WLAN systems 258
4.7 Bibliographical Notes 261
4.8 Problems 263
5.1 General Principles of CDMA 265
5.1.1 The concept of spreading 265
5.1.2 Cellular mobile radio networks 269
5.1.3 Spreading codes and their properties 277
5.1.4 Methods for handling interference in CDMA mobile radio networks 284
5.2 CDMA Transmission Channel Models 304
5.2.1 Representation of CDMA signals 304
5.2.2 The discrete channel model for synchronous transmission in a frequency-flat channel 307
5.2.3 The discrete channel model for synchronous wideband MC-CDMA transmission 310
5.2.4 The discrete channel model for asynchronous wideband CDMA transmission 312
5.3 Receiver Structures for Synchronous Transmission 315
5.3.1 The single-user matched filter receiver 316
5.3.2 Optimal receiver structures 321
5.3.3 Suboptimal linear receiver structures 328
5.3.4 Suboptimal nonlinear receiver structures 339
5.4 Receiver Structures for MC-CDMA and Asynchronous Wideband CDMA Transmission 342
5.4.1 The RAKE receiver 342
5.4.2 Optimal receiver structures 347
5.5 Examples for CDMA Systems 352
5.5.1 Wireless LANs according to IEEE 802.11 352
5.5.2 Global Positioning System 355
5.5.3 Overview of mobile communication systems 357
5.5.4 Wideband CDMA 362
5.5.5 Time Division CDMA 375
5.5.6 cdmaOne 380
5.5.7 cdma2000 386
5.6 Bibliographical Notes 392
5.7 Problems 394
Index 403
Subject Areas: Electronics & communications engineering [TJ]
