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The Science of ADHD
Chris Chandler (Author)
9781118941249, Wiley
Paperback / softback, published 28 August 2025
544 pages
24.6 x 18.9 x 3.6 cm, 0.765 kg
A comprehensive and evidence-based guide to understanding ADHD and its treatment ADHD remains one of the most widely misunderstood neurodevelopmental disorders, with debates surrounding its diagnosis, causes, and treatment continuing to evolve. The Science of ADHD provides a clear, balanced, and up-to-date exploration of this complex condition. With an accessible narrative style, author Chris Chandler expertly navigates the latest research to present an objective look at ADHD's neuroscience, genetics, psychological theories, and treatment approaches. The fully revised second edition reflects the latest advancements in the field, including updated diagnostic criteria and a nuanced discussion of ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder. New and expanded chapters address the impact of non-pharmacological treatments, ADHD's association with addiction, ongoing challenges in ADHD research, the broader implications of neurodiversity, and more. Throughout this edition, engaging discussions of genetics, neuroscience, and psychology enable readers to develop a deeper understanding of ADHD and its implications. Empowering readers with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions, The Science of ADHD: Bridging the gap between cutting-edge science and everyday experience, The Science of ADHD, Second Edition, is ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate psychology and neuroscience courses focusing on developmental disorders or psychobiology. It is also a valuable reference for clinicians, educators, and policymakers seeking a research-backed understanding of ADHD to support individuals in diverse settings.
Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii Acknowledgments xxi 1 What Is ADHD? 1 What Does ADHD Look Like and Who Has It? 2 ADHD – Two Faces of the Same Coin 3 The Negative Impact of ADHD 6 What Is ADHD Like? 6 Adult Male Personal Account A 11 Adult Female Personal Account 15 A Child’s Personal Account (Diagnosed at the Age of 8 Years) 18 A Parent’s View 19 Another Parent’s View 22 A Mother with ADHD’s Personal Account of Parenting a Daughter with ADHD 25 Are There Any Positive Aspects to Having ADHD? 28 ADHD: Science and Society 31 Science and Proof 32 Good Science and Drug Development 38 Summary 41 2 Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Comorbidity 43 A Short History of ADHD 44 Formal Diagnosis 48 DSM Criteria 51 DSM vs. ICD 58 Is ADHD Real? 65 Adult ADHD 67 Is Adult ADHD Real? 69 Diagnosis and the Future Criteria 71 Assessment 71 Rating Scales 73 ADHD Rating Scales: Children 74 SNAP-IV, SKAMP, and SWAN 74 ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD RS IV) and ADHD RS 5 74 Conner’s Rating Scales – Revised (CRS-R) 74 Vanderbilt ADHD Teacher and Parent Rating Scales (VADTRS and VANPRS) 75 ADHD Symptoms Rating Scale 75 Attention Deficit Disorder Evaluation Scale - Second Edition (addes 2) 75 ACTeRS - 2nd Edition 75 Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales for Children and Adolescents (BADDS) 75 The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 76 The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) 76 Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms (PACS) 76 Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) 76 ADHD Rating Scales: Adults 76 Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) (See Also Adult ADHD) 77 Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) 77 Brown Adult ADD Scale 77 The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) 77 Rating Scales: Summary 77 Epidemiology 78 The Cultural Context of Diagnosis 80 Sex Differences 81 Over- and Underdiagnosis 82 Prognosis 83 Comorbidity – Not Just ADHD 85 Autism and ADHD 87 Prevalence of ASD with and Without ADHD 88 Implications of ASD and ADHD 88 Summary 88 3 Causality and the Environmental Hypotheses of ADHD 91 What Causes ADHD? 91 Causality 92 Animal Models of ADHD 93 Genetic Models 96 Alpha-synuclein Lacking Mice 98 Physical Trauma/Environment 98 Anoxia/Hypoxia in Neonatal Rodents 99 X-radiation of Neonatal Rodents 99 Cerebellar Stunting Model of ADHD 99 Maternally Stressed Mice 99 Prenatal Ethanol Exposure 100 What Can Animal Models Tell Us About ADHD? 100 The Environment 100 The Environment in Utero: Pregnancy, Birth Complications, and Teratology 101 Pregnancy and Birth Complications 101 Teratology: Are Neurotoxins a Possible Cause? 102 Maternal Smoking 103 Maternal Alcohol Consumption 104 Low Birth Weight and ADHD 106 Trace Elements in ADHD 107 Food Additives, Allergies, and Responses 108 Fatty Acids in ADHD 109 Television and Computer Games 111 The Environment: Blame Culture, Agency, Free Will, Families, and Society 113 Summary 115 4 Neuropsychological Theories of ADHD 117 Executive Functions 117 Neuropsychological Tests and the Generation of Theories 118 Theory of Mind 122 Impulse Control: Impulsivity and Behavioral/Response Inhibition 125 Barkley’s Neuropsychological Account – Behavioral Inhibition 127 Measures of Behavioral Inhibition and ADHD 129 Motivational Inhibition 138 Working Memory 138 Barkley’s Updated Executive Functioning Model 143 Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Functioning – Separate Circuits in Adhd 144 The Supervisory Attentional System 146 Brown’s Executive Functioning Model 147 Cognitive–Energetic Model 148 A Behavioral Neuroenergetics Theory of ADHD 149 Summary 151 5 The Genetics of ADHD 153 The Evidence for (and Against) ADHD as a Genetically Inherited Disorder 154 Behavioral Genetics 154 Twins 154 Evolutionary Explanations for ADHD and Its Continuation 158 Evolutionary Psychology, ADHD, and Specific Genes 162 Molecular Genetics 164 A Brief Lesson on Genetics 164 Genetic Variation 167 Polymorphisms 167 Variable Number Tandem Repeats 168 Genetic Markers 168 Epigenetics 168 Exploring Genes in ADHD 170 Dopamine Genes and ADHD 171 Dopamine Transporter Gene 171 DRD4 Gene 172 DRD1 Gene 173 DRD2 Gene 173 DRD3 Gene 173 DRD5 Gene 174 Other Non-DA or Non-DA Specific Related Genes 174 Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene 174 SNAP25 Gene 175 TH (Tyrosine Hydroxylase), DOPA Decarboxylase, and DBH (Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase) Genes 175 MAOA (Monoamine Oxidase A) Genes 176 BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) 176 Noradrenergic Genes 176 Serotonergic Genes 177 Is There a Gene for ADHD? 177 Admixture in the Genetics of ADHD 180 Can Genes Explain the Sex Difference in ADHD (If There Is a Difference)? 181 The Endophenotype 183 Summary 185 6 The Neuroscience of ADHD 187 The Brain: A Brief Guide to Development and Neuroanatomy 187 Developmental Changes in the Brain 188 Regions of the Brain 190 The Cortex 191 The Limbic System 191 The Basal Ganglia 191 Cerebellum 194 A Brief Account of Imaging the Brain 194 The Brain in ADHD 196 Structural Changes 196 Gray and White Matter 196 The Cortex 197 The Frontal Lobes 198 The Parietal Lobe 198 Basal Ganglia 198 Cerebellum 199 Functional Significance 200 Functional Imaging of ADHD 200 Psychophysiological Studies 201 Connectivity in ADHD 202 The Fronto-striatal Circuits 203 Fronto-parietal Circuits 205 Corticocerebellar Circuits 205 Default Mode Network and Task-Positive Networks in ADHD 205 Summary 208 7 Psychostimulant Medication for ADHD: From Treatment to Theory (and Back Again) 211 A Brief Review of the Neuropharmacology 211 Electrical Communication 212 Synaptic Transmission 214 Pharmacotherapy in ADHD 218 The Pharmacology and Efficacy of Psychostimulants used in treating ADHD 221 Methylphenidate 222 Pharmacology 222 Amphetamine 227 Pharmacology 227 Clinical Effects of Amphetamine and Methylphenidate 229 The MTA Study 232 Other Studies and Neurocognitive Processes 237 Side Effects and Concerns with Amphetamine and Methylphenidate 237 Other Drugs that Increase Dopamine Levels 240 L-Dopa 240 Apomorphine 241 Bromocriptine 241 Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors 242 Pemoline 243 Pharmacology 243 Clinical Effects 243 Side Effects 243 Nicotine 244 Pharmacology 244 Clinical Effects 244 Tolerance and Withdrawal 245 Placebo Effects in ADHD 246 Psychopharmacology: From Treatment to Theory 248 Hypo/Hyperfunctioning DA in ADHD 249 Grace’s Tonic and Phasic Account of ADHD 250 A Dynamic Developmental Theory of ADHD 252 The Rate-dependent Hypothesis and the Effects of Psychostimulants 253 Extending the Theory to Norepinephrine 255 Summary 255 8 Non-stimulant Medications and Non-pharmacological Treatments 257 Non-stimulant Medications 257 Atomoxetine 258 Viloxazine 262 Modafinil 262 Clonidine and Guanfacine 264 Centanafadine: A Mixed Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin-Based Drug 266 How Do These Drugs Fit into Theoretical Accounts of ADHD? 266 Non-pharmacological Treatments 268 Neurotherapeutics 268 Neurofeedback 268 Brain Stimulation 270 Behavioral Therapies 272 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 273 Other Behavioral Therapies 276 Alternative Treatments 277 Summary 278 9 Addiction, Reward, and ADHD 279 Addiction 279 The Neuropsychopharmacology of Addiction 280 Addiction in ADHD 284 Are ADHD Symptoms Subtypes Linked to Any Specific Drugs? 286 Amphetamines, Methylphenidate, and Addiction 288 Methylphenidate Treatment and Addiction 290 Drugs, Cannabis, and Psychiatry 293 Psychedelics, Endocannabinoids, and CBD: A New Treatment Strand for ADHD? 294 Slow-Release Formulations and the Treatment of Cocaine and Amphetamine Addiction 295 Theories of ADHD Based on DA Reward Pathways 298 Methylphenidate and Long-term Neural Changes: Sensitization 298 Reward Deficiency in ADHD: Theory and Evidence 300 Reward Prediction Error 302 The Dopamine Transfer Deficit Hypothesis of ADHD 304 The Dual-Pathway Model of ADHD 305 Impulsivity in SUD and ADHD (Revisited) 308 Summary 309 10 The Past, Present, and Future Science of ADHD 311 Toward a Better Understanding and Treatment of ADHD 316 What Do the NICE Guidelines on ADHD Really State? 317 Glossary 321 References 337 Index 507
Subject Areas: Psychology [JM]
