1. Kidney: Position and Relations (Anterior View)
2. Kidney: Position and Relations (Posterior View)
3. Kidney: Position and Relations (Transverse Sections)
4. Kidney: Gross Structure
5. Renal Fascia
6. Ureters: Position, Relations, Gross Structure
7. Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Male)
8. Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Female)
9. Bladder: Position, Relations, Gross Structure (Coronal Cross-Section)
10. Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery and Vein In Situ
11. Renal Vasculature: Renal Artery Segmental Branches and Intrarenal Arteries
12. Renal Vasculature: Variations in Renal Artery and Vein
13. Vasculature of Ureters and Bladder
14. Innervation of Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder
15. Innervation Pathways of the Kidneys and Upper Ureter
16. Innervation Pathways of the Ureter and Bladder
17. Lymphatics of Urinary System
18. Overview of the Nephron
19. Renal Microvascualture
20. Glomerulus: Structure and Histology
21. Glomerulus Fine Structure
22. Glomerulus: Electron Microscopy
23. Proximal Tubule
24. Thin Limb
25. Distal Tubule
26. Collecting Duct
27. Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Bladder

Section 2 - Normal and Abnormal Development

1. Development of Kidney
2. Development of Kidney: Nephron Formation
3. Development of Bladder and Ureter: Formation of the Cloaca
4. Development of Bladder and Ureter: Septation, Incorporation of Ureters, and Maturation
5. Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Normal Renal Ascent and Pelvic Kidney
6. Renal Ascent and Ectopia: Thoracic and Crossed Ectopic Kidney
7. Renal Rotation and Malrotation
8. Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Bilateral Renal Agenesis
9. Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Unilateral Renal Agenesis
10. Anomalies in Number of Kidneys: Supernumerary Kidney
11. Renal Fusion
12. Renal Dysplasia
13. Renal Hypoplasia
14. Simple Cysts
15. Polycystic Kidney Disease: Gross Appearance
16. Polycystic Kidney Disease: Radiographic Findings
17. Medullary Sponge Kidney
18. Nephronophthisis / Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease Complex
19. Retrocaval Ureter: Radiographic Findings and Laparoscopic Repair
20. Retrocaval Ureter: Normal Development of the Inferior Vena Cava
21. Vesicoureteral Reflux: Mechanism and Grading
22. Vesicoureteral Reflux: Voiding Cystourethrograms
23. Ureteral Duplication: Complete
24. Ureteral Duplication: Incomplete
25. Ectopic Ureter
26. Ureterocele: Gross and Fine Appearance
27. Ureterocele: Radiographic Findings
28. Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Abdominal Wall
29. Prune Belly Syndrome: Appearance of Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder
30. Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Epispadias
31. Epispadias Exstrophy Complex: Bladder Exstrophy
32. Bladder Duplication and Septation
33. Anomalies of the Urachus
34. Posterior Urethral Valves: Gross Appearance
35. Posterior Urethral Valves: Radiographic Findings

Section 3 – Physiology

1. Basic Functions and Homeostasis
2. Clearance and Renal Plasma Flow
3. Glomerular Filtration Rate
4. Glomerular Filtration Rate: Calculation
5. Secretion and Reabsorption: Tubular Reabsorption and Saturation Kinetics
6. Secretion and Reabsorption: Fractional Excretion (Clearance Ratios)
7. Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Nephron Sites of Sodium Reabsorption
8. Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Contraction
9. Renal Handling of Sodium and Chloride: Response to Extracellular Fluid Expansion
10. Renal Handling of Potassium
11. Renal Handling of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium
12. Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 1
13. Countercurrent Multiplication: Model - Part 2
14. Countercurrent Multiplication: Models to Demonstrate Principle of Countercurrent Exchange System of Vasa Recta in Minimizing Dissipation of Medullary Osmotic Gradient
15. Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Present)
16. Urine Concentration and Dilution: Long-Looped Nephron (ADH Absent)
17. Antidiuretic Hormone
18. Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Modulation of Renin Release
19. Tubuloglomerular Feedback and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
20. Acid Base Balance: Roles of Chemical Buffers, Lungs, and Kidneys in Acid-Base Handling
21. Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Reabsorption
22. Acid Base Balance: Renal Bicarbonate Synthesis and Proton Excretion
23. Acid Base Balance: Acidosis and Alkalosis
24. Additional Functions of Erythropoiesis and Vitamin D
25. Renal Tubular Acidosis: Proximal
26. Renal Tubular Acidosis: Classic Distal
27. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Diabetes Insipidus
28. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus: Major Causes and Symptoms

Section 4 – Renal Diseases

1. Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Causes
2. Overview of Acute Kidney Injury: Possible Urine Findings
3. Acute Tubular Necrosis: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features
4. Acute Tubular Necrosis: Histopathological Findings
5. Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathophysiology
6. Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Causes
7. Overview of Nephrotic Syndrome: Presentation and Diagnosis
8. Minimal Change Disease: Causes and Presentation
9. Minimal Change Disease: Histopathology
10. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Causes, Clinical Features, and Histopathological Findings
11. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
12. Membranous Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
13. Membranous Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
14. Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Clinical Features and Histopathological Findings
15. Overview of Glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
16. IgA Nephropathy: Causes and Clinical Features
17. IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
18. IgA Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
19. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Causes and Clinical Features
20. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings
21. Post-infectious glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings (Continued)
22. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Causes, Features, and Assessment
23. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Classical Pathway of Complement Pathways
24. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: Histopathological Findings
25. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
26. Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Features
27. Hereditary Nephritis (Alport's) / Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings
28. Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Causes and Clinical Features
29. Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings
30. Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Analgesic Nephropathy
31. Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis: Histopathological Findings
32. Thrombotic Microangiopathy: General Features
33. Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
34. Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
35. Renal Vein Thrombosis
36. Renal Artery Stenosis: Pathophysiology of Renovascular Hypertension
37. Renal Artery Stenosis: Causes
38. Congestive Heart Failure: Types of Left Heart Failure and Effects on Renal Function
39. Congestive Heart Failure: Effects of Left Heart Failure on Renal Blood Flow and Tubular Function
40. Hepatorenal Syndrome: Proposed Pathophysiology
41. Hepatorenal Syndrome: Symptoms and Diagnosis
42. Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Major Causes
43. Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Chronic)
44. Chronic and Malignant Hypertension: Renal Histopathology (Malignant)
45. Diabetic Nephropathy: Diabetes Mellitus
46. Diabetic Nephropathy
47. Amyloidosis: Deposition Sites and Manifestations
48. Amyloidosis: Histopathological Findings
49. Lupus Nephritis: Diagnostic Criteria
50. Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class I and II Lesions)
51. Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class III and IV Lesions)
52. Lupus Nephritis: Renal Histopathology (Class V Lesions)
53. Myeloma Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Clinical Findings
54. Myeloma Nephropathy: Histopathological Findings
55. HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Light Microscopy Findings
56. HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Electron Microscopy Findings
57. HIV-Associated Nephropathy: Mechanisms of Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy
58. Preeclampsia: Clinical Definition and Potential Mechanism of Pathogenesis
59. Preeclampsia: Renal Pathology
60. Preeclampsia: HELLP Syndrome and Eclampsia
61. Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Diagnostic Criteria
62. Henoch Schonlein Purpura: Additional Clinical Features
63. Fabry's Disease
64. Cystinosis: Pathophysiology and the Renal Fanconi Syndrome
65. Cystinosis: Extrarenal Manifestations
66. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Staging System and Major Causes
67. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Mechanism of Progression and Complications
68. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Uremia
69. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Normal Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
70. Overview of Chronic Kidney Disease: Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease

Section 5 – Urinary Tract Infections

1. Cystitis: Risk Factors
2. Cystitis: Common Symptoms and Tests
3. Cystitis: Evaluation
4. Cystitis: Treatment
5. Pyelonephritis: Risk Factors and Major Findings
6. Pyelonephritis: Pathology
7. Bacteriuria Management of Asymptometic Bacteriuria
8. Intrarenal and Perinephric Abscesses
9. Tuberculosis: Infection and Extrapulmonary Spread
10. Tuberculosis: Urinary Tract
11. Schistosomiasis: Lifecycle of Schistosoma Haematobium
12. Schistosomiasis: Effects of Chronic Schistosoma Haematobium Infection

Section 6 – Urinary Tract Obstructions

1. Obstructive Uropathy: Etiology
2. Obstructive Uropathy: Sequelae
3. Urolithiasis: Formation of Renal Stones
4. Urolithiasis: Major Sites of Renal Stone Impaction
5. Urolithiasis: Appearance of Renal Stones
6. Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
7. Ureteral Strictures

Section 7 – Traumatic Injuries

1. Renal Injuries: Grading System and Renal Parencyhmal Injuries
2. Renal Injuries: Renal Hilar Injuries
3. Ureteral Injuries
4. Bladder Injuries: Extraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures
5. Bladder Injuries: Intraperitoneal Bladder Ruptures

Section 8 –Voiding Dysfunction

1. Voiding dysfunction: Anatomy of Female Urinary Continence Mechanisms
2. Voiding dysfunction : Neural Control of Bladder Function and Effects of Lesions
3. Voiding dysfunction: Stress Urinary Incontinence
4. Urodynamics: Equipment and Set-up for Urodynamics Studies
5. Urodynamics: Example Urodynamics Recordings

Section 9 – Neoplasms

1. Benign Renal Tumors: Papillary Adenoma and Oncocytoma
2. Benign Renal Tumors: Angiomyolipoma
3. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Risk Factors and Radiographic Findings
4. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Gross Pathological Findings
5. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Histopathological Findings
6. Renal Cell Carcinoma: Staging System and Sites of Metastasis
7. Wilms Tumor: Genetics, Presentation, and Radiographic Findings
8. Wilms Tumor: Gross Appearance and Histopathological Findings
9. Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Risk Factors and Radiographic Appearance
10. Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Appearance (Ureteroscopic, Gross, and Microscopic) and Staging System
11. Tumors of the Bladder: Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Physical Examination
12. Tumors of the Bladder: Cystoscopic and Radiographic Appearance
13. Tumors of the Bladder: Histopathological Findings and Staging System

Section 10 – Therapeutics

1. Osmotic Diuretics
2. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
3. Loop Diuretics
4. Thiazide Diuretics
5. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
6. Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin System
7. Renal Biopsy: Indications and Structure of Typical Spring-Loaded Needle
8. Renal Biopsy: Procedure
9. Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Hemodialysis
10. Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Vascular Access for Hemodialysis
11. Hemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis, and Continuous Therapies: Peritoneal Dialysis
12. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
13. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Creation of Access Tract
14. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Nephroscope and Sonotrode
15. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Ultrasonic Lithotripsy of Large Stones
16. Pyeloplasty / Endopyelotomy
17. Renal Revascularization: Endovascular Therapies
18. Renal Revascularization: Surgical Therapies
19. Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Nephrectomy (Incisions for Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Approaches)
20. Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Open Simple Nephrectomy (Flank Approach)
21. Simple and Radical Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach (Left-Sided))
22. Partial Nephrectomy: Open Partial Nephrectomy (Retroperitoneal (Flank) Approach)
23. Partial Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy (Transperitoneal Approach)
24. Renal Ablation: Laparoscopic Cryoablation (Retroperitoneal Approach)
25. Renal Ablation: Percutaneous Cryoablation
26. Renal Transplantation: Recipient Operation
27. Renal Transplantation: Mechanisms of Action of Immunosuppressive Medications
28. Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Immediate Post-Operative Period
29. Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Early Post-Transplant Period
30. Renal Transplantation: Acute Rejection (Histopathological Findings)
31. Renal Transplantation: Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity (Histopathological Findings)
32. Renal Transplantation: Causes of Graft Dysfunction in Late Post-Transplant Period
33. Ureteroscopy: Device Design and Deployment
34. Ureteroscopy: Stone Fragmentation and Extraction
35. Ureter Reimplantation
36. Ureteral Reconstruction
37. Cystoscopy: Cystoscope Design
38. Cystoscopy: Cystoscopic Views
39. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Equipment and Procedure
40. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: Procedure (Continued)