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The Exclusion of Immigrants from Welfare Programs
Cross-National Analysis and Contemporary Developments
Edward A. Koning (Edited by)
9781487546342
Hardback, published 9 September 2022
504 pages, 53 b&w figures, 24 b&w tables
23.5 x 16.5 x 4.2 cm, 0.84 kg
In light of the increase in cross-border mobility and the recent political climate surrounding immigration-related issues, understanding the politics and policies of immigrants’ access to welfare programs is more relevant than ever. Systematic analysis of this subject has been held back, however, by the lack of a cross-national index of immigrant exclusion from social benefits over time. The Exclusion of Immigrants from Welfare Programs fills this gap by taking advantage of a novel and original measure called the Immigrant Exclusion from Social Programs Index (IESPI), which includes twenty-five indicators regarding immigrants’ access to seven different social programs, for twenty-two countries, at four moments in time. The book includes an assessment of key trends, an investigation of the origins and consequences of variation, and four detailed country case studies of particular theoretical interest: Norway, Austria, Portugal, and the United States. Presenting a cross-national index to facilitate and encourage systematic cross-country comparisons, this book provides insights and data that will allow researchers to probe such questions as the degree to which countries include or exclude immigrants in developing public policies, why some countries are more exclusionary than others, and what the future consequences of this exclusion might be.
Section 1: Setting the Stage 1. Introduction Existing Literature and Theoretical Framework 2. The IESPI and Descriptive Findings Conceptualization and Purpose Section 2: Quantitative Analyses 3. The Drivers of Exclusion Explanations of Variation in Immigrant Welfare Access 4. Appeasement via Exclusion? Differential Access to Social Programs and Their Effects on Xenophobia, Racism, and Perceived Welfare Abuse Overview: Social Programs and Their Effect on Crafting National Identities 5. Closing the Gaps: The Positive Effects of Welfare Inclusion on Immigrants’ Labor Market Integration Literature Review 6. It Ain’t about the Money: A Cross-Country Study on Fiscal Implications of Immigrant Exclusion Literature Review Section 3: Case Studies 7. Between Equality and Exclusion: Migrant Integration into Austria’s Bismarckian Welfare System The Evolution of the Austrian Welfare State and the Role of Immigration 8. Inclusion under Pressure, The Case of Norway The Historical Legacy 9. From Exclusion to More Exclusion: Immigration and Social Welfare Access in the United States The American Context 10. Why Choose the Inclusionary Path? Social Policy in a Recent Welfare and Immigration Country: The Case of Portugal Creating the Inclusionary Portuguese Welfare State Section 4: Concluding Reflections 11. Welfare and Immigration: Factoring-in the Neoliberal Order 12. Philosophies of Inclusion and Exclusion 13. Conclusions: Is an Inclusive Multicultural Welfare State a Feasible Project? Inclusion and Exclusion: The Trajectory Appendix: Detailed Country Descriptions
Edward Anthony Koning
Organization of the Volume
Edward Anthony Koning
Methods of Data Collection
Components of the IESPI
Descriptive Findings
Friederike Römer and Liv Bjerre
Data
Method and Results
Conclusion and Discussion
Markus M.L. Crepaz
Trading off Universal Protection in a Closed Immigration System with Selective Protection in an Open Immigration System?
The Relevance of Political Discourse on Welfare Access
Research Design and Variables
Hypotheses
Results
Conclusions and Implications
Anil Duman, Martin Kahanec, and Lucia Mýtna Kureková
Hypotheses
Data and Methodology
Results
Conclusions
Tsewang Rigzin and Neeraj Kaushal
Data
Descriptive Results
Multivariate Analysis
Conclusions and Discussions
Oliver Gruber
Welfare System Reform and Migrant Integration in Austria since the 1990s
Public Opinion and Outcomes
Conclusion: Differential Integration and Persistent Reluctance in a Constrained Scope of Action
Grete Brochmann
Why Choosing the Inclusive Avenue?
The Norwegian Integration Approach
Successful Inclusion?
The Problem and the Solution
Attitudes in the Majority Population
Inclusiveness under Strain: Concluding Remarks
Jason E. Kehrberg, Adam M. Butz, and Mikhala L. West
Immigration and Development of the US Welfare State
Increasing American Exclusion with IEWRs: The Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
Impact of PRWORA on Non-citizen Caseloads across Four US Social Programs
Congressional Gridlock, Sub-national Actors, and Executive Action: 2000 to 2020
A Patchwork of Immigration Policies: American Federalism
Diverging Immigration Attitudes
Immigration Levels in a Period of Congressional Gridlock and Sub-federal Activity
Two Sides of the Same Coin: Obama and Trump Executive Action
Conclusion: The Future of Immigration and Welfare Exclusion in the US
Catarina Reis Oliveira and João Peixoto
Portugal’s Migratory Experience and Immigrants’ Characteristics
The Developments and Achievements of Immigrant Integration Policies over Time
Immigrants’ Inclusion Outcomes: Achievements and Challenges
Immigration Endorsement in Portugal
Conclusions
Christian Joppke
Will Kymlicka
Keith G. Banting
The Drivers of Inclusion/Exclusion
Consequences of Inclusion/Exclusion
The Overall Patterns
Concluding Reflections: The Feasibility of an Inclusive Multicultural Welfare State
Bibliography