The late th and early 7th centuries in England were a time of substantial anxiety over the value of reading and writing literature. The Art of Pity argues that English early modern literature made a powerful case for the ability of literature to provide ethical instruction by engaging our emotions. Contemporary explanations of how literature could do so, however, were various and faltering. Writers like Sidney and Spenser insisted in their prose that poetry could, in Spenser's words, "fashion a gentleman or noble person in vertuous and gentle discipline" because of its aesthetic power. Yet their poetry demonstrated skepticism of the notion that aesthetic delight provided a vehicle for ethical instruction. Meanwhile, Shakespeare explored varying models of how drama affects its audience, grappling with the question of whether our emotional responses construct or merely reveal our ethical dispositions. These writers' works embody the tensions of their historical moment, suspended between classical and Medieval philosophy and Enlightenment thought.