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Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition
Robin Saar (Author), Sarah Dodd (Author)
9781119862604, Wiley
Paperback / softback, published 1 September 2023
384 pages
21.3 x 13.7 x 2 cm, 0.522 kg
Comprehensive resource providing holistic coverage of the effect of body microbiomes on the health status of dogs and cats Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition offers new perspective on the prevention and treatment of common health conditions in dogs and cats that arise from or result in dysbiosis of the body’s microbiomes, along with providing alternative first-line solutions of utilizing nutrients—less invasive procedures in comparison to prescription drugs to treat dysbiosis in the body’s microbiomes. This practical manual guides the reader through body systems that are commonly influenced by the microbiota in the microbiomes as well as accompanying dietary recommendations. Initially, an overview of the body’s microbiome including common terminology and functions of microbiomes precede the chapters on development of the body’s microbiomes and factors influencing their diversity and density. The following three sections provide readers with a different perspective of commonly observed health conditions by focusing on the state of the microbiome and how the condition may be prevented and/or treated with the use of nutrients. Written by a highly qualified author with significant experience in the field, Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition includes information on sample topics such as: Small Animal Microbiomes and Nutrition is an essential resource for students completing companion animal health courses in two- and four-year programs, particularly those in veterinary technology, veterinary technician, and animal health technology diplomas and degrees, and it is also highly useful for students in other veterinary and animal science focused programs. Additionally, this book is essential in veterinary practices as a reference guide to support the transition into the utilization of microbiome medicine.
Preface xvii Section I Understanding a Microbiome 1 1 Common Definitions 3 2 Functions of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 32 3 The Origin and Development of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome 44 4 Factors Affecting the Diversity and Density of the Microbiomes 59 5 Essential Nutrients and the Microbiota 73 6 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 96 7 Microbiome- Centric Management of Dysbiosis 112 Section II The Microbiome's Involvement in Body Systems 127 8 The Immune System 129 9 The Endocannabinoid System 141 10 Respiratory System Microbiome 148 11 Oral Microbiomes 159 12 Aural Microbiome 167 13 Integumentary Microbiomes 175 14 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Involvement with Microbiomes 189 15 Gastrointestinal Microbiomes 210 16 Neurological Interactions with Microbiomes 234 17 Urinary System 258 Section III Emerging Ingredients and Alternative Diets 269 18 Raw Ingredient Diets 273 18.1 Raw vs Cooking 274 19 Grain and Gluten- Free Diets 288 20 Cannabinoids 293 21 Insects 301 Section IV Communication and Nutrition Plans for Pet Parents 311 22 Communicating with Pet Parents 313 23 Documenting a Nutrition History 328 24 Dietary Treatment Plans 335 25 Calculations for the Nutrition Consultation 340 References 350
About the Companion Website xix
1.1 Microbiome 3
1.2 Microbiota 4
1.3 Pathogens 5
1.4 Symbiosis 8
1.5 Dysbiosis 11
1.6 Probiotics 12
1.7 Prebiotics 15
1.8 Synbiotics 16
1.9 Biological Markers (Biomarkers) and Their Measurement 16
2.1 What Is the Gastrointestinal Microbiome? 32
2.2 Metabolic Functions 32
2.3 Structural Functions 37
2.4 Protective Functions 38
2.5 Participation in Bidirectional Axis Communication 39
2.6 Chapter Summary 39
3.1 In Utero 44
3.2 Factors Influencing the Initial Colonization of Microbiota 45
3.3 Dysbiosis During Microbiome Development 49
3.4 Key Nutritional Factors 53
3.5 Chapter Summary 55
4.1 Physiological Factors 60
4.2 Pathophysiological Factors 65
4.3 Chapter Summary 67
5.1 Protein 74
5.2 Carbohydrates 77
5.3 Fat 82
5.4 Vitamins and Minerals 82
5.5 Processing and Digestibility of Nutrients 87
5.6 Chapter Summary 88
6.1 Introduction 96
6.2 Why is it Important to Characterize the Microbiome? 99
6.3 Sample Collection and Preservation Methods 100
6.4 Current Methods for Microbiome Analysis 101
6.5 Chapter Summary 108
7.1 Key Nutritional Factors 113
7.2 Probiotics 114
7.3 Fecal Microbiota Transplantation 115
7.4 Bacteriophages 117
7.5 Chapter Summary 118
8.1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity 129
8.2 The Microbiome's Involvement in Immunity 132
8.3 Supportive Nutrients 136
8.4 Chapter Summary 138
9.1 Endocannabinoid System 141
9.2 The Endocannabinoidome Axis 142
9.3 Chapter Summary 145
10.1 The Respiratory System Microbiome 148
10.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 149
10.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 152
10.4 Key Nutritional Factors 155
10.5 Chapter Summary 156
11.1 The Oral Microbiome 159
11.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 160
11.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis and Inflammation 162
11.4 Key Nutritional Factors 164
11.5 Chapter Summary 165
12.1 The Aural Microbiome 167
12.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 168
12.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 170
12.4 Key Nutritional Factors 173
12.5 Chapter Summary 173
13.1 The Cutaneous Microbiome 175
13.2 Factors Affecting Diversity and Density 176
13.3 Diseases Associated with Dysbiosis 178
13.4 Key Nutritional Factors 182
13.5 Chapter Summary 184
14.1 Hepatic Circulation and Bile Acid Metabolism 189
14.2 Microbiota's Role in Bile Acid Metabolism 192
14.3 Bile and Bile Acids Fundamental Roles in the Regulation of Various Physiological Systems 195
14.4 Nutrients in Bile 196
14.5 Liver–Gut–Brain Axis 197
14.6 Bile Acid Dysmetabolism 199
14.7 Key Nutritional Factors 203
14.8 Chapter Summary 206
15.1 The Gastrointestinal Microbiome 210
15.2 The GI Microbiome's Role in the Production of Vitamins 217
15.3 Conditions Affected by or Associated with the GI Microbiome 217
15.4 Chapter Summary 226
16.1 The Nervous System 235
16.2 The Gut–Brain Communication Axis 237
16.3 Anxiety 245
16.4 Cognitive Dysfunction 247
16.5 Psychobiotics 249
16.6 Nutrients 250
16.7 Chapter Summary 252
17.1 GI–Renal Axis 258
17.2 Urobiome 261
17.3 Defenses Against Urinary Tract Infections 265
17.4 Key Nutritional Factors 266
17.5 Chapter Summary 267
18.2 Comparing Extruded, Canned, and Raw 277
18.3 Antimicrobial Resistance 279
18.4 Fermented Products 282
18.5 Chapter Summary 283
19.1 Grains 288
19.2 Gluten 291
19.3 Chapter Summary 291
20.1 Regulations on Cannabis Products 293
20.2 By- products of the Plant as an Ingredient Source 294
20.3 Concerns About the Health and Safety of Cannabis Products in Animal Feed 295
20.4 Cannabidiol Supplementation Effects on the Microbiome 295
20.5 Antimicrobial Effects of Cannabis 297
20.6 Current Diets on the World Pet Food Market 298
20.7 Chapter Summary 298
21.1 Black Soldier Fly Larvae 301
21.2 Heavy Metal and Mycotoxin Accumulation in Insects 304
21.3 Chitin 304
21.4 The Effects on the Host GI Microbiome 305
21.5 Chapter Summary 307
22.1 From the Pet Parent Perspective 313
22.2 How the Brain Processes New Information 314
22.3 Improving Action Results 318
22.4 Supporting Pet Parents Through the Decision- Making Process 319
22.5 Improving Conversations 322
22.6 Providing Continuing Support to Pet Parents 323
22.7 Chapter Summary 325
23.1 How to Ask the Right Questions 328
23.2 Nutrition Questionnaire 330
23.3 Chapter Summary 333
24.1 Pet Parents Want Veterinary Nutrition Recommendations 335
24.2 Increasing the Value of Nutrition Plans 335
24.3 Components of a Nutrition Plan 336
24.4 Chapter Summary 338
25.1 Energy Requirements 340
25.2 Calculating kcal/cup or kcal/can from Energy Requirement 343
25.3 Calculating kcal per day by Weight (grams) 344
25.4 Calculating Calories from Nutrients and Metabolizable Energy 345
25.5 Calculating Percentage of Body Weight Loss 346
25.6 Calculating Energy Requirements for a Critical Care Patient 346
25.7 Calculating Water Requirements 347
25.8 Calculating Metabolic Water 347
25.9 Feeding and Transition Plan Formulations 347
25.10 Creating a Feeding Plan 348
25.11 Chapter Summary 348
Index 351
Subject Areas: Veterinary medicine [MZ]
