Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Preamble xvii

Part 1 Introduction – The Buzz about IoT and IoE 1

Chapter 1 Introduction 3

1.1 Definition of communicating- or connected Things 3

1.1.1 Connected Things – Communicating Things 3

1.1.2 Definition of the IoT 4

1.1.3 Internet of X 5

Chapter 2 The (Overly) Vast World of IoT 9

2.1 2011–2016: the craze for the term “Connected Thing” 9

2.1.1 The catch-all 9

2.1.2 Fashion, buzz and “bubble” 10

2.1.3 “Hype” cycle for innovations 11

2.2 The true goal of this book 14

Chapter 3 Why a Connectable Thing? 15

3.1 Examples of connectable things 15

3.1.1 Home care for the elderly 16

3.1.2 In the automotive industry 19

Part 2 Constraints Surrounding an IoT Project 21

Chapter 4 Aspects to be Taken into Consideration 23

4.1 Aspects pertaining to the concrete realization of Connected Things 23

4.1.1 Financial and marketing aspects 24

4.1.2 Technical and industrial aspects 24

4.1.3 Regulatory and normative aspects 24

4.1.4 Security aspects 24

4.1.5 Cost aspects 24

Chapter 5 Financial and Marketing Aspects 27

5.1 Economic aspects 27

5.1.1 Saleable / buyable 27

5.2 Ergonomic aspects 29

5.2.1 Mechanical form and design vs ergonomics 29

Chapter 6 Technical and Industrial Aspects 31

6.1 Technical aspects 31

6.1.1 Life cycle of a new product 31

6.1.2 Techno-economic feasibility 32

6.1.3 Design 32

6.1.4 Industrialization, manufacturing process and quality assurance 32

6.2 Energy aspects 32

6.2.1 Power supply to the Thing 33

6.3 Industrial aspects 39

Chapter 7 Regulatory and Normative Aspects 41

7.1 Regulatory aspects and recommendations 41

7.1.1 Radiofrequency regulations 42

7.2 Health-related recommendations 43

7.2.1 Exposure of the human body to electromagnetic fields 44

7.2.2 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 44

7.3 Societal regulations and individual freedoms (privacy) 45

7.3.1 The various data needing to be protected 45

7.3.2 Loi Informatique et Libertés 45

7.3.3 Mandate 436, PIA and RFID and IoT applications 46

7.3.4 GDPR – General Data Protection Regulation 49

7.3.5 Privacy by design 51

7.4 Environmental regulations and recycling 53

7.4.1 Electronic waste treatment 53

7.4.2 Regulation and organization of the chain 54

7.4.3 Labeling of electrical and electronic equipment 54

7.5 Normative aspects 55

7.5.1 ISO/AFNOR 55

7.5.2 IEEE 56

7.5.3 ETSI 56

Chapter 8 Security Aspects 59

8.1 Security aspects 59

8.1.1 The weak links 60

8.1.2 Possible solutions 62

8.1.3 Definition and choice of security target 63

8.1.4 Concepts of security levels applied in IoT 64

8.1.5 True security – the “Secure Element” 67

8.1.6 Cryptography 70

8.1.7 Symmetric and asymmetric encryption 71

8.1.8 Consumer Things, IoT, security… and the Cloud 75

8.2 Judging the quality of security 80

8.3 Some thoughts about security, privacy and IoT 81

8.4 Vulnerabilities and attacks in the IoT chain 82

8.4.1 Attacks on the software layer 83

8.4.2 Attacks on the board or Thing 84

8.4.3 Attacks on the integrated circuits 84

8.4.4 Security standards 85

Part 3 Overall Architecture of the IoT Chain 87

Chapter 9 Communication Models in IoT 89

9.1 Communication models in IoT 89

9.1.1 OSI model 89

9.1.2 TCP/IP model 92

9.1.3 By way of conclusion 98

Chapter 10. Overall Architecture of an IoT System 101

10.1 Overall architecture of a CT and IoT solution 101

10.1.1 Description of the complete chain 102

10.2 From a more technological point of view 102

10.2.1 Architecture and overview of an IoT chain 102

10.2.2 The “base station/gateway” 106

10.2.3 The “Cloud” zone 109

10.2.4 The “User” zone 110

10.3 The very numerous protocols involved 113

Part 4 Detailed Description of the IoT Chain 117

Part 4A From the User (The Outside World) to the Thing 119

Chapter 11 From the Outside World to the Thing 121

11.1 Connection of the Thing to the outside world 121

11.1.1 Using sensors 121

11.1.2 Using wired connections 122

11.1.3 Using RF links 122

11.1.4 Very Short Range (<10 cm) 122

11.1.5 Short range SR Wide band (tens of meters) 124

Chapter 12 The Secure Connected Thing 127

12.1 Physical constitution of the Thing 127

12.1.1 Sensors 127

12.1.2 Local intelligence – microcontroller 128

12.1.3 Security (SE)… 128

Part 4B From the Thing to the Base Station 131

Chapter 13 Means of Communication to Access a Base Station 133

13.1 Possible network connectivity technologies 133

13.1.1 Local or ultra-local non-operated RF networks 135

13.1.2 Extended-deployment operated RF networks 136

13.1.3 Is there space for all these technologies? 136

13.2 Medium-range MR Wide-band (hundreds of meters) 136

13.2.1 Wi-Fi 137

13.3 Long-range (LR– tens of kilometers) 138

13.3.1 NB, UNB, WB, UWB, FHSS, DSSS and RF regulations 138

13.3.2 Regulators and regulations 140

13.3.3 RF bases 146

13.4 LTN – Low-Throughput Network 152

13.4.1 Long Range LR - LTN 153

13.4.2 LR LTN in (U)NB– SIGFOX 156

13.4.3 LR LTN in DSSS (spectrum spreading) – LoRa, from Semtech 167

13.4.4 A discussion of spectrum spreading – SS 169

13.4.5 LR WB 192

13.4.6 Operated LR WB networks 196

Part 4C From the Base Station to the Server 203

Chapter 14 Network Access Layer – IP 205

14.1 IPv4 205

14.1.1 Operation 206

14.1.2 Services provided 206

14.1.3 Reliability 206

14.2 IPv6 207

14.2.1 Differences between IPv6 and IPv4 207

14.2.2 Problems of privacy and/or anonymity? 209

14.3 6LoWPAN 209

14.3.1 Description of the technology 210

14.3.2 Integration of an IPv6 packet into an IEEE 802.15.4 frame 210

14.3.3 Autoconfiguration of an IP address 211

14.3.4 Network supervision and management 211

14.3.5 Constraints on “upper-layer” applications 211

14.3.6 Security 212

14.3.7 Routing 212

Chapter 15 The Server 215

15.1 Conventional functions of a server in IoT 216

Chapter 16 Transport and Messaging Protocols 219

16.1 Transport 219

16.1.1 Operation 220

16.1.2 Structure of a TCP segment 220

16.2 “IoT messaging” technologies 221

16.2.1 Main protocol parameters 221

16.3 Protocols 225

16.4 HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol 226

16.5 Http/2 227

16.6 MQTT – Message Queuing Telemetry Transport 227

16.6.1 Security in MQTT 229

16.7 CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol 229

16.8 XMPP 230

16.9 DDS – Data Distribution Service 231

16.10 AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol 232

16.11 SMQ 233

16.12 JMS – Java Messaging Service 233

16.13 Other protocols 234

16.14 The broker 234

16.14.1 Examples of possibilities 235

16.15 Programming languages 236

16.16 Operating systems 236

Part 4D From the Cloud Server to the Various Users 237

Chapter 17 Cloud and Fog Computing 239

17.1 Cloud computing? 239

17.1.1 What is its mode of operation? 240

17.1.2 Advantages and benefits in IoT applications 240

17.1.3 Types of Cloud computing 241

17.1.4 Cloud products and services 241

17.2 Example: the PaaS platform AWS IoT 242

17.3 How security is managed 244

17.4 Fog computing? 245

17.5 Big data 246

17.6 Natural interfaces 247

Part 5 Concrete Realization of an IoT Solution Examples and Costs 249

Chapter 18 Examples of the Concrete Realization of Connected Things 251

18.1 Subject/application taken as an example 251

18.1.1 Architecture of the product: a communicating physical Thing 253

18.1.2 Mandatory steps in creating the Thing 255

Chapter 19 Cost Aspects 261

19.1 CAPEX and OPEX are in the same boat… 261

19.1.1 CAPEX 262

19.1.2 OPEX 273

19.1.3 Conclusions 275

19.1.4 Very important conclusions 276

Conclusion 279

Bibliography 281

Index 285