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Reverse Osmosis
Jane Kucera (Author)
9781119724742, Wiley
Hardback, published 30 May 2023
672 pages
22.9 x 15.2 x 3.9 cm, 1.102 kg
REVERSE OSMOSIS Reverse osmosis (RO) is the world’s leading demineralization technology. It is used to provide clean water for potable and ultrapure uses as well as to treat wastewater for recycle or reuse. Regardless of the application or industry, the basics of RO are the same. This book provides the reader with in-depth knowledge about RO basics for any application. This third edition is completely updated, still covering the basics of RO but with new insights as to how to optimize performance. Sections of the book cover the history of RO, membrane and transport model development, pretreatment to minimize membrane deposition and damage, effective cleaning and troubleshooting methods, and data collection and analysis. A new section was added that provides detail about RO and water sustainability. Alternative membrane materials and high-recovery RO are some of the topics included in this new section. Topics are presented in clear and concise language with enough depth to enhance comprehension. The reader will walk away with a new understanding of the topics covered in the book, thereby enabling them to optimize their own RO systems. Engineers and consultants will be able to design or troubleshoot RO systems more effectively. This book is the complete and definitive guide to RO for all persons concerned with RO systems.
Preface to the 3rd Edition xxi Acknowledgements xxiii Section I: Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction to Reverse Osmosis: History, Challenges, and Future Directions 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 A Brief History of Reverse Osmosis 5 1.3 Challenges and Prospects 14 1.4 Summary 26 Symbols 26 Nomenclature 27 References 27 2 Principles and Terminology 33 2.1 Semipermeable Membranes 33 2.2 Osmosis 33 2.3 Reverse Osmosis 35 2.4 Basic Performance Parameters: Recovery, Rejection, and Flux 35 2.5 Filtration 43 2.5.1 Dead-End Filtration 43 2.5.2 Cross-Flow Filtration 43 2.6 Concentration Polarization 45 Symbols 47 Nomenclature 48 References 48 3 Membranes: Transport Models, Characterization, and Elements 51 3.1 Membrane Transport Models 51 3.2 Polymeric Membranes 57 3.3 Membrane Elements 80 3.4 Specialty Membranes and Elements 91 Symbols 95 Nomenclature 96 References 97 Section II: System Design and Engineering 103 4 Basic Design Arrangements and Concentration Polarization Guidelines 105 4.1 Arrays and Stages 105 4.2 Passes 113 Symbols 115 Nomenclature 115 References 115 5 RO System Design Using Design Software 117 5.1 RO System Design Guidelines 117 5.2 Step-by-Step Design—Sample Problem 118 5.3 Design Software 121 5.4 Optimum Design Result for the Sample Problem 140 Symbols 141 Nomenclature 141 References 142 6 Design Considerations 143 6.1 Feed Water Source and Quality 143 6.2 System Operations 149 6.3 Existing RO System Design Considerations 157 Symbols 161 Nomenclature 161 References 162 7 RO Equipment 163 7.1 Basic RO Skid Components 163 7.2 Skid Design Considerations 181 7.3 Energy Recovery Devices (ERDs) 196 7.4 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Equipment 200 7.5 Mobile RO Equipment 203 Symbols 205 Nomenclature 205 References 206 Section III: Membrane Deposition and Degradation: Causes, Effects, and Mitigation via Pretreatment and Operations 207 8 Membrane Scaling 211 8.1 What is Membrane Scale? 211 8.2 Effects of Scale on Membrane Performance 212 8.3 Hardness Scales 215 8.4 Silica Scale 226 8.5 Struvite 236 8.6 Scaling Mitigation Guidelines—Summary 239 Symbols 240 Nomenclature 240 References 240 9 Generalized Membrane Fouling 249 9.1 What is Membrane Fouling? 249 9.2 Classification and Measurement of Potential Foulants 250 9.3 Effects of Fouling on Membrane Performance 265 9.4 Pretreatment to Minimize Membrane Fouling 279 9.5 Feed Water Quality Guidelines to Minimize Membrane Fouling 323 Symbols 324 Nomenclature 324 References 326 10 RO Membrane Biofouling 335 10.1 What is RO Membrane Biofouling? 335 10.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Biofouling 339 10.3 Effects of Biofouling on Membrane Performance 342 10.4 Measurement of Biofouling 343 10.5 Mitigation Techniques 345 10.6 Biofouling and Mitigation Summary 376 Symbols 378 Nomenclature 378 References 379 11 Membrane Degradation 387 11.1 Chemical Degradation 388 11.2 Mechanical Damage 404 Symbols 412 Nomenclature 412 References 412 Section IV: System Monitoring, Normalization, and Troubleshooting 417 12 Data Collection and Normalization 419 12.1 Data Collection 419 12.2 Data Normalization 422 Symbols 427 Subscripts 428 Nomenclature 428 References 428 13 Membrane Issues and Troubleshooting 431 13.1 Observed Performance Issues 432 13.2 Common Causes of Performance Failures 445 13.3 Troubleshooting Techniques 447 Symbols 471 Nomenclature 471 References 472 Section V: Off-Line Activities: Membrane Cleaning, Flushing, and Layup 475 14 Membrane Cleaning 477 14.1 When to Clean 478 14.2 Cleaning Chemicals 479 14.3 Cleaning Equipment Design 483 14.4 Cleaning Techniques 487 14.5 Determining the Efficacy of Cleaning 493 14.6 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Versus Offsite Cleaning 494 14.7 Membrane Disinfection 495 Symbols 500 Nomenclature 500 References 501 15 Controlling Off-Line Membrane Deposition via Flushing and Layup 505 15.1 Membrane Flushing 505 15.2 Membrane Layup 508 15.3 Membrane Preservation 510 Nomenclature 512 References 512 Section VI: Sustainability and Future Prospects 515 16 Concentrate Management 517 16.1 Discharge 517 16.2 Land Application 519 16.3 Reuse 519 16.4 Off-Site Disposal 523 16.5 Emerging Technologies for Concentrate Management 523 Symbols 529 Nomenclature 529 References 529 17 High-Recovery Reverse Osmosis 531 17.1 Single-Step High Recovery Processes 531 17.2 Enhanced High Recovery Processes with Interstage Solute Precipitation 548 17.3 Multi-Step High Recovery Membrane Processes 552 17.3.1 Toward Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) 552 Symbols 558 Nomenclature 558 References 559 18 New and Alternative Membrane Materials For Sustainability 565 18.1 Specific Requirements to Improve Sustainability 566 18.2 Membrane Materials to Meet RO Demineralization Challenges 571 Nomenclature 594 References 595 Index 601
Subject Areas: Civil engineering, surveying & building [TN]
