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Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment
Nayan Kumar (Edited by), N Kumar (Author), (Edited by)
9781119785361, Wiley
Hardback, published 15 April 2022
656 pages
1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg
RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ASSESSMENT Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this collection of papers reflects the most up-to-date and comprehensive current state of renewable energy for sustainable growth assessment and provides practical solutions for engineers and scientists. Renewable energy resources (RERs) are gaining more attention in academia and industry as one of the preferred choices of sustainable energy conversion. Due to global energy demand, environmental impacts, economic needs and social issues, RERs are encouraged and even funded by many governments around the world. Today, researchers are facing numerous challenges as this field emerges and develops, but, at the same time, new opportunities are waiting for RERs utilization in sustainable development all over the globe. Efficient energy conversion of solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, and other techniques are gaining more popularity and are the future of energy. The present book cross-pollinates recent advances in the study of renewable energy for sustainable growth. Various applications of RERs, modeling and performance analysis, grid integration, soft computing, optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) as well as machine and deep learning aspects of RERs are extensively covered. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library. This outstanding new volume Audience: Engineers, scientists, technicians, managers, students, and faculty working in the field of renewable energy, sustainability and power system
Preface xix 1 Biomass as Emerging Renewable: Challenges and Opportunities 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Bioenergy Chemical Characterization 5 1.2.1 Cellulose [C6(H2O)5]n 5 1.2.2 Hemicellulose [C5(H2O)4]n 5 1.2.3 Lignin [C10H12O3]n 5 1.2.4 Starch 5 1.2.5 Other Minor Components of Organic Matter 5 1.2.6 Inorganic Matter 6 1.3 Technologies Available for Conversion of Bioenergy 6 1.4 Progress in Scientific Study 7 1.4.1 Combustion Technology 7 1.4.2 Hybrid Systems 8 1.4.3 Circular Bio-Economy 8 1.4.4 Other Notable Developments 9 1.5 Status of Biomass Utilization in India 9 1.6 Major Issues in Biomass Energy Projects 11 1.6.1 Large Task Costs 11 1.6.2 Lower Proficiency of Advancements 11 1.6.3 Immature Innovations 11 1.6.4 Lack of Subsidizing Alternatives 11 1.6.5 Non-Transparent Exchange Markets 11 1.6.6 High Dangers/Low Compensations 12 1.6.7 Resource Value Acceleration 12 1.7 Challenges in Commercialization 12 1.7.1 Financial Dangers 12 1.7.2 Technological Dangers 12 1.7.3 Principal Specialist Hazard 13 1.7.4 Market Acknowledgement Chances 13 1.7.5 Environmental Dangers 13 1.7.6 COVID-19: The Impact on Bioenergy 13 1.8 Concluding Remarks 14 References 14 2 Assessment of Renewable Energy Technologies Based on Sustainability Indicators for Indian Scenario 25 Nomenclature 25 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 RE Scenario in India 27 2.2.1 Large Hydropower 28 2.2.2 Small Hydropower 28 2.2.3 Onshore Wind Power 29 2.2.4 Solar Power 29 2.2.5 Bioenergy 29 2.3 Impact of COVID-19 on RE Sector in India 30 2.4 Sustainability Assessment of RE Technologies 30 2.4.1 RE Technologies Selection 31 2.4.2 Sustainability Indicators Selection and Their Weightage 31 2.4.3 Methodology 32 2.4.3.1 The TOPSIS Method 32 2.4.3.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS 34 2.5 Ranking of RE Technologies 36 2.5.1 The TOPSIS 36 2.5.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS 36 2.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulations–Based Probabilistic Ranking 38 2.6 Results and Discussion 42 2.7 Conclusion 43 References 43 3 A Review of Biomass Impact and Energy Conversion 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Non-Renewable Energy Resources: Crisis and Demand 50 3.3 Environmental Impacts and Control by Biomass Conversion 52 3.3.1 Biomass and Its Various Sources for Energy Conversion 52 3.3.1.1 Sugar and Starch-Based Biomass (First-Generation - 1G) 53 3.3.1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass (Second-Generation - 2G) 53 3.3.1.3 Micro and Macroalgal Biomass (Third-Generation - 3G) 58 3.3.1.4 Genetically Engineered Biomass (Fourth-Generation) 60 3.3.1.5 Waste Biomass Resources 60 3.3.2 Biomass Conversion Process 66 3.3.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion 66 3.3.2.2 Biological Conversion 67 3.3.2.3 Advanced Technology for Biomass Conversion 68 3.3.3 Biofuel as Renewable Energy for the Future 70 3.3.3.1 Solid Fuel 70 3.3.3.2 Gaseous Fuel 71 3.3.3.3 Liquid Biofuel 71 3.4 Future Trends 72 3.5 Conclusion 72 Acknowledgment 73 References 73 4 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems 81 4.1 Introduction: Need of Renewable Energy System 81 4.1.1 Financial Aspects 83 4.1.2 Environmental Aspects 83 4.1.3 Economic Feasibility 84 4.1.4 Present Scenario of Renewable Energy Sources 86 4.2 Power Electronics Technologies 87 4.2.1 AC-DC Converters 87 4.2.2 DC-AC Converters 88 4.2.3 DC-DC Converters 90 4.2.4 AC-AC Converter 91 4.3 Energy Conversion Controller Design Using Power Electronics 92 4.4 Carbon Emission Reduction Using Power Electronics 95 4.4.1 Renewable Power Generation 97 4.5 Efficient Transmission of Power 100 4.6 Issues and Challenges of Power Electronics 100 4.7 Energy Storage Utilized by Power Electronics for Power System 101 4.8 Application of Power Electronics 101 4.8.1 VSC-Based HVDC 101 4.8.2 Power Electronics in Electric Drives 102 4.8.3 Power Electronics in Electric Vehicles 103 4.8.4 Power Electronics in More Electric Effect (MEE) 105 4.8.4.1 More Electric Aircraft 105 4.8.4.2 More Electric Ships 105 4.8.5 Advanced Applications of Power Converters in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) 106 4.9 Case Study on PV Farm and Wind Farm Using Converter Modelling 106 4.9.1 A 400KW 4 PV Farm 106 4.9.2 Wind Generation Using DFIG 109 4.10 Reliability of Renewable Energy System 110 4.10.1 Reliability of Photovolatic-Based Power System 110 4.10.2 Reliability of Wind-Turbine-Based Power System 110 4.10.3 Reliability of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy System 111 4.11 Conclusion 111 References 112 5 Thermal Performance Studies of an Artificially Roughened Corrugated Aluminium Alloy (AlMn1Cu) Plate Solar Air Heater (SAH) at a Moderate Air Flow Rate 119 Nomenclature 119 5.1 Introduction 120 5.2 Methodology 124 5.2.1 Experimental Setup 124 5.2.2 Mathematical Modelling 125 5.3 Results and Discussion 128 5.4 Conclusions 131 Acknowledgement 132 References 132 6 An Overview of Partial Shading on PV Systems 135 Nomenclature 135 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Basics of Partial Shading 139 6.2.1 Types & Occurrence of Partial Shading 142 6.2.2 Problem Associated with Partial Shading 143 6.2.3 Details About Partial Shading Mitigation Techniques 146 6.2.3.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques 146 6.2.3.2 PV System Architecture 147 6.2.3.3 Converter Topologies 148 6.3 Mitigation of Partial Shading Using Array Reconfiguration Techniques 149 6.3.1 Conventional 151 6.3.2 Hybrid 155 6.3.3 Reconfigured/Modified Configurations 157 6.3.4 Puzzle-Based Configuration 157 6.3.5 Metaheuristic-Based PV Array Configurations 168 6.4 Case Study on Different Techniques of Array Reconfiguration According to its Classification – (2015-2020) 172 6.5 Future Directions 172 6.6 Discussion & Conclusion 173 References 174 7 Optical Modeling Techniques for Bifacial PV 181 Nomenclature 181 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Background 183 7.2.1 Bifacial Cells and Modules 183 7.2.2 Cell Technologies 185 7.2.3 Geometric Parameters and Metrics 186 7.2.3.1 Bifaciality Factor 187 7.2.3.2 Bifacial Gain (BG) 187 7.3 Bifacial PV System and Modelling 188 7.3.1 Need for Optical Modeling of Bifacial PV 188 7.3.2 Bifacial PV Modeling Challenges 189 7.3.3 Bifacial Irradiance Models 192 7.3.3.1 Ray-Tracing Model 192 7.3.3.2 Empirical Models 195 7.3.3.3 View Factor Model 196 7.3.4 Optical Modelling of Bifacial PV 198 7.3.4.1 Frontside Irradiance 198 7.3.4.2 Rear-Side Irradiance 202 7.3.5 Comparison of Different Models/Software 205 7.4 Effect of Installation and Weather Parameters on Energy Yield 208 7.4.1 Effect of Installation Parameters 208 7.4.2 Effect of Albedo 208 7.4.3 Effect of Tilt Angle 208 7.4.4 Effect of Elevation 209 7.4.5 Effect of Weather Parameters 210 7.5 Conclusion 211 References 212 8 Intervention of Microorganisms for the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Extract the Fermentable Sugars for Biofuel Production 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 218 8.2.1 Types of Lignocellulosic Biomass 219 8.2.1.1 Virgin Biomass 219 8.2.1.2 Agricultural and Energy Crops 220 8.2.1.3 Waste Biomass 220 8.3 Role of Pretreatment in Biofuel Generations 220 8.3.1 Non-Biological Pretreatment 222 8.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment 223 8.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment 223 8.3.1.3 Physico-Chemical (Hybrid) Pretreatment 224 8.4 Biological Pretreatment and its Significance 227 8.4.1 Role of Fungi in Pretreatment 228 8.4.1.1 Biological Mechanisms of Delignification in Fungi 228 8.4.2 Role of Prokaryotic Pretreatment 232 8.4.2.1 Bacterial Enzymes Involved in Lignin De-Polymerization 232 8.4.2.2 Types of Bacteria and their Role in Delignification 233 8.5 Combined Biological Pretreatment Case Studies and Opportunities 234 8.6 Future Prospects 236 8.6.1 Role of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 236 8.7 Conclusion 236 Acknowledgement 237 Conflicts of Interest 237 References 237 9 Biomass and Bioenergy: Resources, Conversion and Application 243 9.1 Introduction to Biomass 243 9.2 Classification of Biomass Resources 244 9.3 Biomass to Bioenergy Conversion 247 9.4 Environmental Impacts of Biomass & Bioenergy 253 9.5 Solutions to the Environmental Impacts 254 9.6 Case Study of US – Conversion of MSW to Energy 255 9.7 Bioenergy Products 256 9.8 Effects of Covid-19 on Bioenergy Sector 258 References 258 10 Renewable Energy Development in Africa: Lessons and Policy Recommendations from South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria 263 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Existing Knowledge and Contributions to Literature 265 10.3 Renewable Energy Development in South Africa 269 10.3.1 Policies and Strategies 269 10.3.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 272 10.4 Renewable Energy Development in Egypt 275 10.4.1 Policies and Strategies 275 10.4.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 277 10.5 Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria 284 10.5.1 Policies and Strategies 285 10.5.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 288 10.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications 291 10.6.1 Policy Implications from South Africa and Egypt 291 10.6.2 Barriers to Renewable Energy Development in Africa: The Case of Nigeria 293 10.7 Conclusion 297 References 298 11 Sustainable Development of Pine Biocarbon Derived Thermally Stable and Electrically Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite Films 305 11.1 Introduction 305 11.1.1 Biomass Resources 307 11.1.2 Biomass Utilization 308 11.1.2.1 Production of BC from Biomass 308 11.1.2.2 Production of CF 309 11.1.3 Applications of BC 310 11.1.3.1 BC as CI 310 11.1.3.2 BC for ESDs 311 11.1.3.3 BC as Filler for Polymer Composites 311 11.1.3.4 BC-Derived Sustainable OP 313 11.2 Experimental Procedures 314 11.2.1 Starting Materials 314 11.2.2 Development of Pine Cone–Derived BC and Nano Pine–Derived BC 314 11.2.3 Development of OP 314 11.2.4 Development of ECF 316 11.3 Characterization 316 11.4 Results and Discussion 316 11.4.1 Spectra of ECF 316 11.4.2 Microstructure of ECF 318 11.4.3 Thermal Stability of ECF 318 11.5 Electrical Behaviour of ECF 320 11.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 321 Acknowledgement 322 References 322 12 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems 327 12.1 Introduction 327 12.2 Power Electronics on Energy Systems and its Impact 328 12.3 The Power Electronics Contribution and its Challenges in the Current Energy Scenario 330 12.4 Recent Growth in Power Semiconductor Technology 335 12.5 A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy Systems: AC-Link Universal Power Converters 337 12.6 Power Converters for Wind Turbines and Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 340 12.7 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter Based PV Systems 342 12.8 AC-DC-AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 345 12.9 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 345 12.10 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies 349 12.11 Boost Pre-Regulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 350 12.12 Active Power Filter 350 12.13 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 351 12.14 Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 352 12.15 Impedance Source Inverters 353 12.16 Conclusion 354 References 354 13 Fuel Cells for Alternative and Sustainable Energy Systems 363 13.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems 363 13.1.1 Brief History 363 13.2 Overview of Fuel Technology 364 13.2.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Working 365 13.2.2 Classification of Fuel Cells 366 13.2.3 Fuel Cell Performance 368 13.2.4 Fuel Cell Power Density 371 13.3 Energy Storage Applications of Fuel Cells 371 13.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cell System 372 13.5 Latest Developments in Fuel Cell Technology 372 13.5.1 Electrode Design – as a Function of Catalyst 374 13.5.2 Efficient Structure Design: Fuel Cell Mass Transportation 375 13.5.3 Design of Flow Patterns 375 13.5.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells 376 13.6 Future Perspective of Fuel Cell 376 13.6.1 Research and Technological Factors 376 13.6.2 Perspective View 377 13.6.3 Environmental Crisis 377 13.6.4 Fuel EVs Infrastructure 378 13.6.5 Renewables: A Window of Opportunity for Fuel Cells 378 13.6.6 Energy Storage: A Big, Challenging Issue 380 13.6.7 Future Predictions: On Fuel Cell Systems 380 13.6.8 Hydrogen Economy 383 13.7 Case Studies 384 13.7.1 Case Study-1 384 13.7.2 Case Study-2 385 13.7.3 Case Study-3 386 13.8 Summary 387 References 387 14 Fuel Cell Utilization for Energy Storage 389 14.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 389 14.2 Fuel Cell Mechanism 391 14.3 Efficiency of Fuel Cell 391 14.3.1 Efficiency Calculations 392 14.3.2 Co-Generation of Heat and Power 393 14.4 Types of Fuel Cells 393 14.4.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 394 14.4.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 394 14.4.3 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 398 14.4.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 398 14.4.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 398 14.5 Hydrogen Production 399 14.5.1 Steam Methane Reforming or SMR (Natural Gas Reforming) 400 14.5.2 Coal Gasification Process 400 14.5.3 Biomass Gasification 400 14.5.4 Biomass Derived Fuel Reforming 401 14.5.5 Thermochemical Water Splitting 401 14.5.6 Electrolytic Process 401 14.5.7 Direct Solar Water Splitting Process 402 14.5.8 Biological Processes 402 14.5.9 Microbial Biomass Conversion 402 14.5.10 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) 403 14.6 Fuel Cells Applications and Advancements 403 14.6.1 Applications 403 14.6.2 Advancements 404 14.6.3 Applications and Advancements of Fuel Cells in Automobile Sector 405 14.6 Conclusions 405 References 406 15 Miniature Hydel Energy Harvesting Unit to Power Auto Faucet and Lighting Systems for Domestic Applications 409 15.1 Introduction 409 15.2 Literature Review 412 15.3 Data Collection and Theoretical Hydraulic Power Calculations 414 15.4 Architecture and Working of Prototypes 414 15.5 Design and Simulation 416 15.6 Fabrication of Prototypes 420 15.6.1 Fabrication of Prototype-1 420 15.6.2 Fabrication of Prototype-2 422 15.6.3 Fabrication of Prototype-3 423 15.7 Experimentation of Prototypes 424 15.8 Experimentation for Auto Faucet System 428 15.9 Conclusions 432 References 432 16 Modeling, Performance Analysis, Impact Study and Operational Paradigms of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant 435 16.1 Introduction 435 16.2 Solar Energy 436 16.2.1 Forms of Energy Resources 436 16.2.2 Solar Spectrum 437 16.2.3 Sun Tracking and Location 438 16.2.4 Solar Energy Fundamentals 439 16.2.5 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants (SPP) 444 16.3 Modeling of PV Modules 445 16.3.1 Simulation Model 447 16.3.2 Simulation Results 448 16.4 Design of 12 MWp SPP 452 16.4.1 Selection of Site 452 16.4.2 Equipment Sizing 453 16.4.3 Cost Estimates 454 16.4.4 Shadow Analysis 454 16.4.5 Power Output Estimates 457 16.5 Field Equipment Details 457 16.6 Performance Analysis 458 16.6.1 Performance Indicators 458 16.6.2 Field Data and Analysis 459 16.6.3 Intangible Benefits Realised in Past Three Years 459 16.7 Technical Issues and New Paradigms 459 16.7.1 Technical Issues 461 16.7.2 Paradigm Shift 467 16.8 Opportunities and Future Scope 470 16.8.1 Opportunities 471 16.8.2 Latest Trends 471 16.8.3 Future Scope 471 16.9 Conclusions 473 References 473 17 A Review on Control Technologies and Islanding Issues in Microgrids 475 17.1 Introduction 475 17.2 Importance of Microgrid 476 17.3 Microgrid Types 477 17.4 Problems in Islanded Mode of Operation 478 17.5 Features of Microgrid Control System 479 17.6 Microgrid Islanding 480 17.7 Control Techniques 481 17.7.1 Primary Level 481 17.7.2 Secondary Level 482 17.7.2.1 Centralized Control Strategy 483 17.7.2.2 Decentralized Control Strategy 483 17.7.3 Tertiary Level 484 17.8 Autonomous Control Architecture 486 17.9 Optimization of Control in Microgrids 487 17.9.1 Linear Programming 487 17.9.2 Non-Linear Programming 488 17.10 Inverter Control in Microgrids 488 17.10.1 PQ Control 488 17.10.2 Voltage Source Inverter Control 489 17.10.2.1 Power Control Mode (PCM) 489 17.10.2.2 Voltage Control Mode (VCM) 489 17.11 Droop Control 489 17.11.1 V/f Control 491 17.12 Modern Prospects of Microgrid Research 492 17.12.1 Multi Microgrid Control 492 17.12.2 Energy Storage Management 492 17.12.3 Management of Loads 492 17.12.4 Hybrid Energy Mangement System 492 17.12.5 Implementation of Soft Switches 492 17.12.6 Protection and Stability Analysis 493 17.12.7 Metaheuristic Optimization Techniques 493 17.12.7.1 Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) 494 17.12.7.2 Hybrid GWO and P&O Algorithm (Hyb.) 495 17.12.7.3 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) 495 17.12.7.4 Communication Technologies 498 17.13 Conclusion 498 References 499 18 A Review of Microgrid Protection Schemes Resilient to Weather Intermittency and DER Faults 503 18.1 Introduction 503 18.2 Islanding Detection 506 18.2.1 Central Islanding Detection 506 18.2.2 Local Islanding Detection 507 18.2.3 Feature Extraction-Based Islanding Detection 507 18.2.4 Machine Learning-Based Islanding Detection 508 18.3 Protection Challenges Due to Weather Intermittency 508 18.3.1 Solar Irradiance Intermittency 509 18.3.2 Wind Speed Intermittency 510 18.3.3 Solar-Wind Combined Intermittency 511 18.4 Protection Challenges Due to Converter Faults 511 18.5 Protection Challenges Due to PV Array Faults 513 18.5.1 LG Fault 513 18.5.2 LL Fault 513 18.5.3 Arc Fault 513 18.5.4 Faults Due to Partial Shading 514 18.6 Conclusion 517 References 517 19 Theories of Finance for Generation Portfolio Optimization 523 Acronyms 523 19.1 Introduction 524 19.2 Introduction to Portfolio Optimization 526 19.3 Using Fuzzy Logic to Create Risk and Reward Index 527 19.4 Markovitz Mean-Variance Theory 530 19.5 Black-Litterman Model 531 19.6 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) 532 19.7 Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) 532 19.8 Results and Discussion 534 19.9 Conclusion 540 References 540 20 Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Wind Energy Systems 543 20.1 PMSG-Based WECS 543 20.1.1 Configurations of WECS 544 20.1.2 General Control Requirements of WECS 544 20.1.3 Insights from Literature Review 545 20.1.4 Objectives and Scope of the Present Research Work 546 20.1.5 Contributions of the Chapter 546 20.2 System Modelling 547 20.2.1 Wind Turbine Modelling 547 20.2.2 PMSG Modelling 548 20.2.3 Drive-Train Shaft Modelling 549 20.2.4 DC-Link Modelling 549 20.2.5 GSC Filter Design 550 20.2.6 Grid Modelling 550 20.2.7 Dynamic Operating Conditions 551 20.2.7.1 Grid Disturbances 551 20.2.7.2 Converter Non-Linearities 554 20.2.8 SRF-PLL Modelling 554 20.3 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation Based on Stator SRF-PLL 555 20.3.1 PMSG Angular Speed Reference Signal Computation 556 20.3.2 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation 556 20.3.3 Vector Control 558 20.3.4 Analytical Validations 559 20.3.4.1 Starting Characteristics 559 20.3.4.2 Wind Velocity Variation 559 20.3.4.3 Converter Non-Linearities 560 20.3.4.4 Utility Harmonics 561 20.3.4.5 Sensitivity Study 562 20.3.5 Summary 564 20.4 Active Power and Current Reference Generation Scheme 564 20.4.1 System Modeling 565 20.4.1.1 MSC Controller Design 565 20.4.1.2 GSC and Controller Design 567 20.4.2 MSC Reference Power Generation Scheme 570 20.4.3 GSC Current Oscillation Component Computation 573 20.4.4 Analytical Validation 574 20.4.4.1 Symmetrical Voltage Sag 574 20.4.4.2 Distorted Utility 575 20.4.5 Summary 577 20.5 Torsional Oscillation Damping 577 20.5.1 Dynamic Effects under MPPT and PLMs 578 20.5.1.1 Fast DC Link Voltage Control 579 20.5.1.2 Slow DC-Link Voltage Control 581 20.5.2 Proposed Active Damping Scheme for Torsional Mode Operation 583 20.5.3 Proposed Control for GSC Control 585 20.5.3.1 DPC Scheme 586 20.5.3.2 Power Oscillation Term Computation 586 20.5.4 Simulation Validation 587 20.5.4.1 Turbulent and Gust Wind Speed 587 20.5.4.2 Unsymmetrical Voltage Sag 588 20.5.5 Summary 590 20.6 Conclusions 590 Appendices and Nomenclature 591 References 592 21 Study of Radiant Cooling System with Parallel Desiccant Based Dedicated Outdoor Air System with Solar Regeneration 595 21.1 Introduction 595 21.2 Dedicated Outdoor Air System 598 21.3 Desiccant 599 21.4 Radiant Cooling System with DOAS 602 21.5 Methodology 604 21.6 Building Description 605 21.7 System and Model Description 606 21.8 Result and Discussion 609 21.9 Primary Energy Consumption and Coefficient of Performance (COP) Analysis 610 21.10 Solar Energy Performance 613 21.11 Conclusions 614 References 614 Index 619
Prabhansu and Nayan Kumar
Anuja Shaktawat and Shelly Vadhera
Dhanasekaran Subashri and Pambayan Ulagan Mahalingam
Vishal Anand, Varsha Singh and Saad Mekhlief
Dutta P. P., Goswami P.., Das A., Chutia L., Borbara M., Das V., Bania K., Rai S. and Bardalai M.
Siddharth Mathur, Gautam Raina, Pulkit Jain and Sunanda Sinha
Pulkit Jain, Gautam Raina, Siddharth Mathur and Sunanda Sinha
M. Naveen Kumar, A. Gangagni Rao, Sudharshan Juntupally, Vijayalakshmi Arelli and Sameena Begum
Dr. Sunita Barot
Adedoyin Adeleke, Fabio Inzoli and Emanuela Colombo
Rehnuma Saleheen, MGH Zaidi, Sameena Mehtab and Kavita Singhal
Nandhini Gayathri M. and Kannbhiran A.
N. V. Raghavaiah and Dr. G. Naga Srinivasulu
Archit Rai and Sumit Pramanik
Farid Ullah Khan, Adil Ahmad Taj, Umar Safi Ullah Jan and Gule Saman
B. Koti Reddy and Dr. Amit Kumar Singh
Anup Kumar Nanda, Babita Panda and Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi
Goyal R. Awagan Ebha Koley and Subhojit Ghosh
Arjun C. Unni, Weerakorn Ongsakul and Nimal Madhu M.
Vijaya Priya R., Raja Pichamuthu and M.P. Selvan
Prateek Srivastava and Gaurav Singh
Subject Areas: Electronics & communications engineering [TJ]
