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Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Manfred Ganz (Edited by), M Ganz (Author)
9780470857335, Wiley
Hardback, published 7 January 2005
384 pages
25.2 x 17.4 x 2.7 cm, 0.85 kg
"…enjoyable and easy to read…a worthy library addition…" (The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, September 2005) "…presents the latest global perspective on the affliction." (Electric Review, April/May 2005) "This is a timely and helpful treatment of an important public health topic. I am unaware of any other contemporary books which address exactly this issue." (Doody's Health Services) "An ambitious title, written by some of the world’s leading diabetologists, it takes a very careful approach …" (Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews (PER), Vol. 3: September 2005) " … an excellent resource for professionals … a one-stop source for understanding the state of current prevention knowledge about type 2 diabetes." (Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, August 2006)
This book provides a unique and comprehensive synopsis of the prevention and early diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes. It features articles by key opinion leaders in diabetes from North America, Europe and the Asia-Pacific region who describe the gravity of the problem and the important issue of screening, including contributions on the perspectives of the International Diabetes Federation and the World Health Organization. Once patients at risk have been identified, the key issue is to prevent their progression to full-blown diabetes. Several chapters address this, particularly the difficult task of changing people’s behaviour. Prevention of the complications associated with diabetes involves more targeted interventions, which are discussed by experts in the relevant areas. This book offers both a global perspective and local solutions. Key contributors include Paul Zimmet and Pierre Lefèbvre, President of the International Diabetes Federation who has written a chapter and a foreword. Praise from the reviews: "[A]n excellent resource for professionals who want a good means for getting up to speed on the prevention angle. It is all-inclusive from many perspectives – authorship of chapters, rich reference lists, and content (…). This book is a one-stop source for understanding the state of current prevention knowledge about type 2 diabetes." "This is a timely and helpful treatment of an important public health topic. I am unaware of any other contemporary books which address exactly this issue." "An ambitious title, written by some of the world’s leading diabetologists, it takes a very careful approach ( …)"
—DIABETES TECHNOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
—DOODY'S HEALTH SERVICES
—PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY REVIEWS (PER)
Foreword xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xvii Section 1 The Diabetes Epidemic: Description of the Problem 1 1 The Diabetes Epidemic; Genes and Environment Clashing 3 Introduction 3 An Epidemiological Perspective 3 The Hidden Epidemic – Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glycaemia 6 Glucose Intolerance and the Metabolic Syndrome 6 Globalization – its Impact on Human Health 8 Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents 9 Prevention – the Reality and the Challenge 10 References 10 2 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Primary and Secondary Prevention The Vision of the International Diabetes Federation 15 Introduction 15 Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 16 Prevention of Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 17 The Global Issue 18 References 19 3 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 21 Introduction 21 Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 22 Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 23 Clinical Presentation of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 25 Clinical Features of Caucasian Children with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 25 Differential Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 27 Diagnostic criteria of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 29 Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 31 Screening for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 33 Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 34 Pharmacological Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 35 Monitoring and Treatment of Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 37 Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents 37 Conclusions 38 References 38 Section 2 Screening for Type 2 Diabetes 41 4 Screening for Undiagnosed Diabetes: Whom, Where, When and How 43 Undiagnosed Diabetes and Its Harms 43 The Rate of Undiagnosed Diabetes in New Zealand 43 Should We Screen for Diabetes? 45 Theory of Screening 48 Screening Theories are Difficult to Apply to Diabetes: Implications of the Diagnostic Criteria for Screening Decisions 55 Current Recommendations, New Zealand and International 56 Current Practice in New Zealand 56 Studies of Practical Screening in New Zealand 57 Systematic Opportunistic Screening in General Practice 58 Who to Test: Which Groups are at Relatively High Risk? 59 How to Test: Specific Screening Tests and cut-off Values? 62 Screening Intervals 71 Difficulty Applying Recommendations to Individual Patients 71 Screening Algorithms for Asymptomatic People 72 Summary 72 References 73 5 Genetic Screening and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes 81 Introduction 81 Lessons from Type 1 Diabetes for Genetic Screening 83 Methods for Early Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes and Prevention Strategies 84 Type 2 Diabetes: Where do We Stand as regards Genetic Screening 85 Genes that are Identified with a Predisposition to Type 2 Diabetes: the New Scene 86 How can We Track the Prediabetes Period using Genetic Markers? 87 Genetic Screening for MODY and Potential Preventive Strategy 88 Conclusion 90 Acknowledgements 91 References 91 6 Screening Parameters and Techniques: Limitations and Opportunities 93 The Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes 94 What is Screening and How do We Evaluate a Screening Test? 95 Screening Strategies 96 Who Should be Screened – Targeted Screening Strategies Based on Phenotypical Characteristics? 99 Limitations, Perspectives and Recommendation 99 References 101 7 Screening for Diabetes Mellitus – the World Health Organization Perspective 105 Introduction 105 Formulating Policies on Screening for Type 2 Diabetes 109 Widening the Evidence Base 112 Implementing Policies on Screening for Type 2 Diabetes 117 Conclusions and Recommendations 117 References 120 Section 3 Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes 125 8 Findings from Preventive Type 2 Diabetes Trials 127 The ‘Common Soil’ Hypothesis – a Rationale for Preventive Measures in Subjects with IGT 128 Lifestyle Trials with Prevention of Diabetes as Primary Objective 130 Pharmacological Trials with Prevention of Diabetes as Primary Objective 132 Coronary Heart Disease Prevention Trials with Prevention of Diabetes as the Secondary Objective 138 Studies for Primary Prevention of Diabetes in Progress 140 Is Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) a Disease? 142 Who Should be Treated (and How)? 145 Do We Treat Type 2 Diabetes too Late? 146 References 147 9 A Paradigm Shift is Needed in the Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes 153 Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes – the Current Paradigm 153 Re-Defining the Paradigm of Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes 155 New Paradigm – A Population Approach for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes 155 New Paradigm – Who is at High Risk? 156 New Paradigm – True Primary Prevention: Targeting People Before Their Blood Glucose Values are Abnormal 158 New Paradigm – Prevention of Complications of Type 2 Diabetes by Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Itself 159 New Paradigm – How could Money for Diabetes Care be Allocated in a More Efficient Way? 161 Comment 162 References 165 10 The Behaviour Change Process 169 Introduction 169 Readiness to Change 170 Goal Setting 172 Supporting Behaviour Change 172 Changes and Maintenance 173 Implications 175 References 176 Section 4 Prevention of Complications Of Type 2 Diabetes 179 11 Preventive Disease Management – Risk Stratification as a New Tool in the Hands of General Practitioners 181 Chronic Diseases, Health-Care Systems, Internet and Economic Burden: From Intervention to Prevention 181 Basics of Preventive Medicine: Risk Stratification, Genetic Testing and Information 183 Principles of Assessment of Risk Factors in Clinical Practice for Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Consequences for the Individual Life 185 Preventive Disease Management for Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Cardiovascular Diseases: Phenotyping – the Early Detection of Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction 189 Integrative Preventive Care: Community-Based Strategy to Avoid Chronic Diseases 193 Summary 197 References 198 12 Prevention of Obesity and Lipid Disorders 203 Reasons for Prevention 203 Problems in Prevention 212 Community-Based Prevention Studies 216 Promoting Physical Activity 218 Workside Interventions in Adults 220 Specific Weight Gain Prevention Trials in Adults 220 Prevention of Diabetes and Obesity 222 Prevention of Lipid Disorders 227 Perspectives of Obesity and Dyslipidaemia Prevention 230 Acknowledgement 234 References 235 13 Renal Dysfunction and Hypertension, Focus on Type 2 Diabetes 245 Introduction 245 Historical Aspects 246 Evaluation of Diabetic Renal Disease and Classification 246 Diagnostic Procedures 249 Prevention 251 Treatment Strategy 252 Treatment in Overt Diabetic Renal Disease 255 Recent Treatment Guidelines for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus with Focus on Hypertension 257 The Dual- or Triple- Jeopardy Concept 257 Goals for Blood Pressure 258 Old and Very New Guidelines 258 Screening for Microalbuminuria 259 Prevention and Intervention Related to Type 2 Diabetes 261 Summary 263 References 263 14 Diabetic Retinopathy in the 21st Century: Screening and Visual Outcomes 271 Introduction 271 Epidemiology 272 Good Glycaemic Control 272 Good Blood Pressure Control 272 Other Risk Factors 273 Screening 273 Effect of Screening Upon Rates of Blindness 277 Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy 278 Panretinal Photocoagulation 278 Treatment of Macular Oedema 280 Vitrectomy 280 Summary 282 References 282 15 Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy 285 Introduction 285 Clinical Presentation and Classification of DPN 286 Pathogenetic Mechanisms 288 Tested Therapies 292 Future Therapeutic Opportunities 296 Concluding Thoughts 300 References 301 16 The Cardiologist’s View: Prevention of Macrovascular Complications 313 Prevalence of Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus 313 Occurrence of Diabetes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease 315 Prognosis and Course of Coronary Heart Disease in Diabetic Patients 315 Explanatory Models for the Particular Fatal Course of Coronary Heart Disease in Diabetic Patients (Risk Factors) 316 Cardiovascular Complications – Preventive and Therapeutic Options 317 Interventional Revascularization 319 Procedure in Critical Ischaemia 320 References 320 17 Milestones and New Perspectives in Prevention of Type 2 Carl Erik Mogensen Classification of Diabetes 325 Insulin Treatment with Focus on Euglycemia in Type 2 Diabetic Patients 327 Sulphonylurea (SU) Preparations 329 Metformin 330 Glitazones 330 The Metabolic Syndrome 331 Home Monitoring of Blood Glucose 331 Glycated Haemoglobin 332 Diabetes Nurses, ‘Diabetes School’ and Dietary Help 332 Laser Treatment of Retinopathy, including Maculopathy, in Type 2 Diabetes 333 Diabetic Foot Care and Related Neuropathy 333 High Blood Pressure: Blood Pressure Lowering and Microalbuminuria 333 Lipid-Lowering Agents; Focus on Type 2 Diabetes 335 The Diet of Diabetic Patients 336 Multi-Factorial Intervention with Treatment Goals 336 Neuropathy 336 Conclusion 337 References 338 Index 343
Paul Zimmet, Adrian Cameron and Jonathan Shaw
Pierre Lefèbvre
Thomas Reinehr and Martin Wabitsch
Tim Kenealy, Bruce Arroll and Peter Müller
Paolo Pozzilli
Knut Borch-Johnsen and Charlotte Glümer
Gojka Roglic, Rhys Williams and Stephen Colagiuri
Markolf Hanefeld
Jaakko Tuomilehto
Frank J. Snoek and Richard R. Rubin
Thomas Konrad
Hermann Liebermeister
Carl Erik Mogensen
Ayad Al-Bermani and Roy Taylor
Anders A. F. Sima
Michael Faust, Sabine Wiedenmann and Reinhard Griebenow
Diabetes and its Complications 325
Subject Areas: Family & health [VF]
