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Power Converters, Drives and Controls for Sustainable Operations
S. Ganesh Kumar (Edited by), Kumar (Author), Marco Rivera Abarca (Edited by), Marco Rivera Abarca (Author), S. K. Pattanaik (Edited by), S. K. Pattanaik (Author)
9781119791911, Wiley
Hardback, published 18 July 2023
832 pages
22.9 x 15.2 x 4.7 cm, 0.907 kg
POWER CONVERTERS, DRIVES AND CONTROLS FOR SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS Written and edited by a group of experts in the field, this groundbreaking reference work sets the standard for engineers, students, and professionals working with power converters, drives, and controls, offering the scientific community a way towards combating sustainable operations. The future of energy and power generation is complex. Demand is increasing, and the demand for cleaner energy and electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing with it. With this increase in demand comes an increase in the demand for power converters. Part one of this book is on switched-mode converters and deals with the need for power converters, their topologies, principles of operation, their steady-state performance, and applications. Conventional topologies like buck, boost, buck-boost converters, inverters, multilevel inverters, and derived topologies are covered in part one with their applications in fuel cells, photovoltaics (PVs), and EVs. Part two is concerned with electrical machines and converters used for EV applications. Standards for EV, charging infrastructure, and wireless charging methodologies are addressed. The last part deals with the dynamic model of the switched-mode converters. In any DC-DC converter, it is imperative to control the output voltage as desired. Such a control may be achieved in a variety of ways. While several types of control strategies are being evolved, the popular method of control is through the duty cycle of the switch at a constant switching frequency. This part of the book briefly reviews the conventional control theory and builds on the same to develop advanced techniques in the closed-loop control of switch mode power converters (SMPC), such as sliding mode control, passivity-based control, model predictive control (MPC), fuzzy logic control (FLC), and backstepping control. A standard reference work for veteran engineers, scientists, and technicians, this outstanding new volume is also a valuable introduction to new hires and students. Useful to academics, researchers, engineers, students, technicians, and other industry professionals, it is a must-have for any library.
Preface xxi Part I: Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications 1 1 DC-DC Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Classifications of DC-DC Converters 4 1.2.1 Classification of Linear Mode DC-DC Converters 5 1.2.1.1 Series Regulators 5 1.2.1.2 Parallel Regulators 6 1.2.2 Classification of Hard Switching DC-DC Converter 6 1.2.2.1 List of Isolated DC-DC Topologies 6 1.2.2.2 Classification of Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters 10 1.2.3 Classification of Soft Switching DC-DC Converter 16 1.2.3.1 Zero Current Switching (ZCS) 16 1.2.3.2 Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) 16 1.3 Applications of DC-DC Converters in Real World 16 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 18 2 DC-DC Converters for Fuel Cell Power Sources 21 2.1 DC-DC Boost Converter in Fuel Cell (FC) Applications 22 2.2 DC-DC Buck Converter 26 2.3 DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter 27 2.4 DC-DC Cuk-Converter 29 2.5 DC-DC Sepic Converter 30 2.6 Multi-Phase and Multi-Device Techniques for Ripple Current Reduction 32 2.6.1 Multi-Device Boost Converter 33 2.6.2 Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 35 2.6.3 Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 37 2.7 The Proposed High Gain Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 42 2.7.1 Operating Principle of HGMDMPIBC 44 2.8 Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converters for Low Voltage FC Applications 48 2.8.1 Single Switch Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter 49 2.8.2 Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter 52 2.9 Proposed Multi-Device Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications 57 2.10 The Proposed Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications 59 2.11 Converter Configurations for Integrating FC with 400 V Grid Voltages 62 2.11.1 Series Configuration 62 2.11.2 DC-Distributed Configuration 64 2.12 Conclusions 65 References 66 3 High Gain DC-DC Converters for Photovoltaic Applications 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.1.1 Role of DC-DC Converter in Renewable Energy System 72 3.1.2 Classical Boost Converter (CBC) 75 3.2 Gain Extension Mechanisms 77 3.2.1 Voltage-Lift Capacitor (Clift ) 77 3.2.2 Coupled Inductor (CI) 78 3.2.3 Voltage Multiplier Cells (VMC) 79 3.3 Synthesis of High Gain DC-DC Converters 80 3.3.1 Concept of Interleaving 80 3.3.2 Interleaving Mechanism with Coupled Inductors (CIs) 83 3.3.3 VMCs at Secondary Side of CIs 84 3.4 Development of High Gain DC-DC Converters (HGCs) 84 3.4.1 HGC with 3 CIs, Clift , and VMC 85 3.4.1.1 Design Details of HGC- 1 90 3.4.1.2 Experimental Results of Prototype HGC- 1 and Discussion 95 3.4.2 3-Phase Interleaved HGC with 1 CI, Clift , and VMC 101 3.4.3 Modular HGC with 3 CIs, Clift , and 3 VMCs 104 3.4.4 Compact HGC Based on Multi-Winding CI, Clift , and VMC 107 3.4.4.1 Voltage Stress on Devices 109 3.4.4.2 Current Stress on Devices 109 3.5 Operating Capabilities of the Proposed HGCs – A Comparison 111 3.5.1 Electrical Characteristics 111 3.5.1.1 Ideal Voltage Gain 111 3.5.1.2 Loss Distribution Profile 113 3.5.2 Stress on Switches 115 3.5.2.1 Peak Voltage Stress 116 3.5.2.2 Peak Current Stress 117 3.5.3 Structural Parameters 117 3.5.3.1 Coefficient of Coupling (k) 117 3.5.3.2 Component Count (CC) and Component Utilisation Ratio (CUR) 118 3.6 Salient Features of the Presented High Gain Converters 119 3.7 Summary and Outlook 120 References 122 4 Design of DC-DC Converters for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Energy Storage System 127 4.1 Introduction 128 4.2 Isolated Converters 130 4.2.1 Bridge Type 130 4.2.2 Z-Source Type 131 4.2.3 Sinusoidal Amplitude High Voltage Bus Converter (sahvc) 131 4.2.4 Multiport Converter 133 4.3 Non-Isolated Converter 133 4.3.1 Conventional Converters 133 4.3.2 Interleaved Converter 134 4.3.3 Multi-Device Interleaved 135 4.4 Design of DC-DC Converter with Integration of ICPT and Battery Implementation with Digital Control Loop 136 4.4.1 Design of DC-DC for BEV with the Integration of ICPT 136 4.4.2 Digital Control with Sliding Mode Control Approach 139 4.5 Design of Converter with Hybrid Energy Storage System and Bidirectional Converter 143 4.6 Conclusion 145 References 145 5 Performance Analysis of Series Load Resonant (SLR) DC–DC Converter 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Theoretical Background 151 5.3 Simulation Results 155 5.4 Conclusion 157 References 158 6 Review on Different Methodologies of DC-AC Converter 159 6.1 Introduction 160 6.2 Different Multilevel Inverter Topologies 162 6.2.1 Diode Clamped MLI (DCMLI) 162 6.2.2 Flying Capacitor mli 164 6.2.3 Cascaded H-Bridge mli 165 6.2.4 New Hybrid Cascaded mli 167 6.2.4.1 Stepped Wave Modulation Topology (swmt) 167 6.2.4.2 Fourier Series of Proposed Waveform 168 6.2.4.3 Proposed Topology (New Hybrid MLI) 169 6.3 Comparison between Various mli 172 6.4 Conclusion 173 References 173 7 Grid Connected Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation 175 7.1 Single Phase Seven Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected PV System 176 7.1.1 Seven Level Inverter Topology 176 7.1.2 PWM Technique for Seven Level Inverter 177 7.1.3 Modelling and Simulation Analysis of Seven Level Inverter 180 7.2 Simlink Model of Nine Level H-Bridge Inverter 181 7.3 Three Phase Fifteen Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected System 182 7.3.1 Modified System of Fifteen Level Inverter 182 7.3.2 Modelling of Cascaded H-Bridge Fifteen Level Inverter 183 7.3.3 Evaluation of THD 184 7.4 Fesability Analysis of Photovoltaic System in Grid Connected Inverter 185 7.4.1 Modified PV-DVR System 185 7.4.1.1 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) Mode 187 7.4.1.2 Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Mode 187 7.4.1.3 Energy Conservation Mode 187 7.4.1.4 Idle Mode 187 7.4.2 Photovoltaic DC-DC Converter 188 7.4.3 Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV System 191 7.4.4 Methods of Maximum Power Point Tracking 192 7.4.4.1 Perturb and Observe Method 192 7.4.4.2 Incremental Conductance Method 193 7.4.4.3 Current Sweep Method 193 7.4.4.4 Constant Voltage Method 194 7.4.5 Comparison of MPPT Methods 194 7.4.6 Operating Principle of P&O MPPT 195 7.4.7 Simulation Results of PV-DVR System 195 7.4.8 Grid Connected System Using PV Syst Tool 197 7.4.8.1 PV System Simulation Result Analysis 199 7.5 Conclusion 199 7.6 Future Scope of Work 200 References 200 8 A Novel Fusion Switching Pattern Generation Algorithm for “N-Level” Switching Angle Algorithm Based Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter 203 8.1 Introduction 204 8.2 Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI Circuitry 206 8.3 Switching Angle Algorithm 208 8.3.1 Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (EP-SAA) 209 8.3.2 Half Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (hep-saa) 209 8.3.3 Feed Forward Switching Angle Algorithm (FF-SAA) 209 8.3.4 Half Height Switching Angle Algorithm (HH-SAA) 209 8.4 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter 210 8.4.1 SAA for 9-Level TCHMLI 210 8.4.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 215 8.4.3 Generation of DPWM for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 215 8.4.4 Simulation Results of 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 216 8.5 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 222 8.5.1 SAA for 27-Level TCHMLI 223 8.5.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 225 8.5.3 Generation of DPWM for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 231 8.5.4 Simulation Results of 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 231 8.6 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 240 8.6.1 SAA for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 240 8.6.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 248 8.6.3 Generation of DPWM for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 265 8.6.4 Flow Diagram of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 266 8.6.5 5 Roles of Design Resolution in Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 266 8.6.6 Simulation Results of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 268 8.7 FPGA Experimental Validation with Specification 279 8.8 Hardware Results and Discussion 279 8.9 Conclusion 280 References 290 9 An Inspection on Multilevel Inverters Based on Sustainable Applications 293 9.1 Introduction 293 9.2 Multilevel Inverters in Sustainable Applications 294 9.3 Development of Multilevel Inverter 299 9.3.1 Diode-Clamped 299 9.3.2 Flying Capacitor 300 9.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge mli 301 9.4 Symmetric mli 301 9.5 Asymmetric mli 305 9.6 An Examination on Current MLI’s 307 9.7 Summary 311 Acknowledgement 311 References 311 Part II: Electric Machines and Drives for Sustainable Applications 315 10 Technical Study of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Standards 317 10.1 Introduction 317 10.2 Background 318 10.3 Review of EV Charging Infrastructure 320 10.4 Review of DC-DC Converters for EVCs 323 10.5 Standards for EV and EVSE 327 10.5.1 Description of EV Connector 330 10.6 Charging Stations in India 331 10.7 Conclusion 332 References 332 11 Implementation of Model Predictive Control for Reduced Torque Ripple in Orthopaedic Surgical Drilling Applications with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 337 11.1 Introduction 338 11.2 Role of Motor in Orthopaedic Drilling Applications 341 11.2.1 BLDC Motors 341 11.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 341 11.2.2.1 PMSM Machine Equations 342 11.2.3 Control Methods of PMSM 343 11.3 Model Predictive Control 347 11.3.1 Structure of MPC 348 11.3.2 Cost Function 349 11.4 Predictive Control Techniques for PMSM 350 11.4.1 Conventional Model Predictive Torque Control (MPC) 350 11.4.2 Proposed MPC Technique 352 11.5 Implementation and Results 354 11.5.1 Comparative Study of Steady State Performance of Proposed MPC and Conventional MPC under Loaded Condition 355 11.5.2 Steady State Performance at 50% Rated Speed 356 11.5.3 Steady State Performance at 100% Rated Speed 357 11.5.4 Real-Time Simulation Result Analysis with OPAL-RT Lab 357 11.5.4.1 Steady-State Response 358 11.5.4.2 Start-Up Response 359 11.6 Implementation Analysis 359 11.7 Conclusion 362 References 362 12 High Precision Drives for Piezoelectric Actuators Based Motion Control Microsystems 367 12.1 Introduction 368 12.2 Driving Methods of PEA 369 12.3 Driver Circuits for Driving PEA in High Voltage Applications 369 12.4 Different Types of Power Supply Used for Driving the Piezo Driver 377 12.5 Different Types of Voltage Regulator Used for Driving the Piezo Driver 380 12.6 Conclusions 385 References 386 13 Design and Analysis of 31-Level Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter Topology for R, RL, & Motor Load 391 13.1 Introduction 391 13.2 Incorporation of Multilevel Inverters in Various Applications 392 13.3 Modeling of 31-Level Asymmetric Inverter 394 13.3.1 Mathematical Modeling of 31-Level Inverter 395 13.3.2 Modes of Operation 396 13.3.3 Switching Principle of 31-Level Inverter 398 13.4 Simulation Circuit and Result Discussions 400 13.4.1 Block Diagram for Pulse Generation 400 13.4.2 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with R Load 400 13.4.3 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with RL Load 402 13.4.4 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter Fed with 1φ Induction Motor 405 13.5 Conclusion 407 Acknowledgement 407 References 407 14 Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor: Analysis and Design with Rare Earth Free Hybrid Magnets 411 14.1 Introduction 411 14.2 Literature Survey 413 14.3 Construction and Torque Equation 415 14.4 Design Specifications and Machine Topologies 417 14.5 No-Load Characteristics 421 14.6 Performance at Various Operating Regions 424 14.7 Conclusion 429 Acknowledgment 433 References 433 15 Design of Bidirectional DC – DC Converters and Controllers for Hybrid Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles 437 15.1 Introduction 437 15.2 Need For Hybrid Energy Management Systems in EV 439 15.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 440 15.3.1 Passive Parallel HESS 441 15.3.2 Parallel Converter HESS 441 15.4 Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (BDC) 442 15.5 Specifications of DC-DC Converters 446 15.6 Control Strategy 447 15.7 Results and Discussion 449 15.8 Conclusions 459 References 460 16 Design of Rare Earth Magnet Free Traction Motor 463 16.1 Introduction 464 16.2 Comparison Among Traction Motor Choices 468 16.3 Motor Peak Power Calculation Based on Vehicle Dynamics 473 16.4 Operating Principle of SynRM & Basic Terminologies 475 16.5 SynRM Design Concepts: Effect of Design Parameters on Performance 482 16.6 Analytical Design of SynRM 486 16.6.1 Stator & Winding Design 486 16.6.2 Rotor Design 490 16.6.2.1 Determining Barrier End Angle, αm 491 16.6.2.2 Determining Segment Width, SI 491 16.6.2.3 Determining Barrier Width, W1I 493 16.7 Electromagnetic Analysis –Results & Discussion 496 16.8 Investigation on Impact of Different Parameters 500 16.8.1 Torque-Speed Curve 506 16.9 Summary 510 16.10 Future Work 513 References 513 17 Implementation of Automatic Unmanned Battery Charging System for Electric Cars 517 17.1 Introduction 518 17.2 Proposed System 521 17.3 MATLAB Simulation 523 17.3.1 Mathematical Modelling 523 17.3.2 Simulation and Analysis of Battery Discharging at EV Charging Station 526 17.4 Conclusion 529 References 529 18 Improved Dual Output DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application 533 18.1 Introduction 534 18.2 Proposed Dual Output Quadratic Boost Converter 537 18.2.1 Solar PV System 537 18.2.1.1 Mathematical Modeling of PV System 537 18.2.2 Switching Methodology 538 18.2.2.1 Topology of Proposed Converter 539 18.2.3 Estimation of Parameters of Proposed SIDO Converter 543 18.2.3.1 Design Example 544 18.3 Simulation of the Proposed Converter 545 18.4 Experimental Results 545 18.5 Conclusion 550 References 551 19 DFIG Based Wind Energy Conversion Using Direct Matrix Converter 553 Chapter-i 554 Introduction 554 19.1 Introduction to Matrix Converters 558 19.2 Introduction to Control and Modulation Techniques in Matrix Convertor 559 19.3 Introduction to Predictive Control Techniques 562 Chapter-ii 562 Concept and System Description: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in Wind Energy Conversion System 562 Chapter-iii 571 Modeling and Simulation of DFIG in MATLAB 571 Chapter-iv 574 The Matrix Converter and Predictive Control Technique 574 19.4 Topologies of Matrix Converters and Use of Predictive Control 583 19.5 Conclusion 588 19.6 Scope for Future Work 589 References 590 Part III: Trends in Control Methods for Sustainable Applications 595 20 Microgrid: Recent Trends and Control 597 20.1 Introduction 598 20.2 MG Concept 599 20.2.1 Different Structures of MG 600 20.2.1.1 Ac Mg 600 20.2.1.2 dc Mg 601 20.2.1.3 Hybrid AC/DC MG 602 20.2.1.4 Urban DC MG 602 20.2.1.5 Ceiling DC MG 602 20.3 MG Control Layer 603 20.4 Functional Requirements of MG Management 604 20.4.1 Forecast 604 20.4.2 Real-Time Optimization 604 20.4.3 Data Analysis and Communication 604 20.4.4 Human Machine Interface 605 20.5 Energy Management Schemes 605 20.5.1 Communication-Based Energy Management 605 20.5.2 The Communication-Less Energy Management System 608 20.6 Overview of MG Control 611 20.6.1 Power Flow Control by Current Regulation 611 20.6.2 Power Flow Control by Voltage Regulation 612 20.6.3 Agent-Based Control 613 20.6.4 Multi-Agent System (MAS) Based Distributed Control 613 20.6.5 PQ Control 614 20.6.6 VSI Control 614 20.6.7 Central Control 614 20.6.8 Master/Slave Control 615 20.6.9 Distributed Control 615 20.6.10 Droop Control 616 20.6.11 Control Design Based on Transfer Function 616 20.6.12 Direct Lyapunov Control (DLC) 617 20.6.13 Passivity Based Control (PBC) 617 20.6.14 Model Predictive Control (MPC) 618 20.7 IEEE and IEC Standards 621 20.8 Challenges of MG Controls 623 20.8.1 Future Trends 624 Acknowledgement 624 References 624 21 Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications 631 21.1 Introduction 632 21.2 Sliding Mode Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications 634 21.3 Passivity-Based Control in Sustainable Applications 644 21.4 Model Predictive Control in Sustainable Applications 650 21.5 Conclusion 655 Acknowledgement 655 References 655 22 Optimization Techniques for Minimizing Power Loss in Radial Distribution Systems by Placing Wind and Solar Systems 659 I. Introduction 660 22.1 Distribution Systems 660 22.2 Radial Distribution Network 661 22.3 Power Loss Minimization 662 22.4 Optimization Techniques 664 22.5 MATLAB Tools for Optimization Techniques 670 22.6 Conclusion 674 References 675 Appendix 679 23 Passivity Based Control for DC-DC Converters 681 23.1 Introduction 681 23.2 Passivity Based Control 683 23.3 Control Law Generation Using ESDI, ESEDPOF, Etedpof 686 23.3.1 Energy Shaping and Damping Injection (ESDI) 686 23.3.2 Exact Tracking Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback (ETEDPOF) 687 23.3.3 Exact Static Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback 692 23.4 Control Law Generation Using ETEDPOF Method for DC Drives 692 23.4.1 Buck Converter Fed DC Motor 692 23.4.2 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor 697 23.4.3 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor 701 23.5 Sensitivity Analysis 706 23.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Buck Converter 707 23.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Boost Converter 709 23.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis of a Luo Converter 710 23.6 Reference Profile Generation 713 23.6.1 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor 713 23.6.2 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor 715 23.7 Load Torque Estimation 719 23.7.1 Reduced-Order Observer for Load Torque Estimation 719 23.7.2 SROO Approach for Load Torque Estimation 720 23.7.3 Load Torque Estimation Using Online Algebraic Approach 721 23.7.4 Sensorless Online Algebraic Approach (SAA) for Load Torque Estimation 723 23.8 Applications of PBC 724 23.9 Conclusion 726 References 728 24 Modeling, Analysis, and Design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Sustainable System Using MATLAB 731 24.1 Introduction 732 24.2 Modeling of MIMO System 734 24.3 Analysis of MIMO System Using MATLAB 734 24.4 Optimization Techniques for PID Parameter 742 24.4.1 Controller Design 742 24.4.1.1 PID Controller Design 742 24.4.2 Optimization of PID Controller Parameter 743 24.5 Fuzzy Logic Controller Using MATLAB/Simulink 744 24.6 Conclusion 745 References 746 25 Development of Backstepping Controller for Buck Converter 749 25.1 Introduction 749 25.2 Buck Converter With R-Load 751 25.2.1 Mathematical Model 752 25.2.2 Buck Converter with PMDC Motor 752 25.2.3 Mathematical Model 753 25.3 Controller Design 754 25.3.1 Basic Block Diagram for PI/Backstepping Controller 754 25.3.2 Conventional PI Controller Design 754 25.3.3 Backstepping Controller Design 756 25.3.4 Backstepping Control Algorithm 757 25.3.5 Controller Design for Buck Converter with R-Load 757 25.4 Simulation Results 766 25.5 Hardware Details 768 25.5.1 Buck Converter Specifications 771 25.5.2 Advanced Regulating Pulse Width Modulator 773 25.5.3 Principles of Operation 774 25.6 Hardware Results 775 25.7 Conclusion 777 References 778 26 Analysing Control Algorithms for Controlling the Speed of BLDC Motors Using Green IoT 779 26.1 Introduction 779 26.2 Working of BLDC Motor 780 26.3 Speed Control of Motor 781 26.4 Speed Control of BLDC Motor with FPGA 786 26.5 Advancements in Green IoT for BLDC Motors 786 26.6 Conclusion 787 References 787 Index 789
Nandish B. M., Pushparajesh V. and Marulasiddappa H. B.
M. Venkatesh Naik, Paulson Samuel and Srinivasan Pradabane
M. Prabhakar and B. Sri Revathi
T. Kripalakshmi and T. Deepa
A. Mitra, S. Bhowmik, A. Halder, S. Karmakar and T. Paul
Pushparajesh V., Marulasiddappa H. B. and Nandish B. M.
K.K. Saravanan and M. Durairasan
Joseph Anthony Prathap and T.S. Anandhi
L. Vijayaraja, R. Dhanasekar and S. Ganesh Kumar
R. Seyezhai and S. Harika
Ramya L. N. and Sivaprakasam A.
D. V. Sabarianand and P. Karthikeyan
E. Duraimurugan, R. S. Jeevitha, S. Dillirani, L. Vijayaraja and S. Ganesh Kumar
P. Ramesh, D. Pradhap and N. C. Lenin
R. Chandrasekaran, M. Satish Kumar Reddy, K. Selvajyothi and B. Raja
Akhila K. and K. Selvajyothi
Shefali Jagwani
R. Latha
Vineet Dahiya
S. Monesha and S. Ganesh Kumar
R. Dhanasekar, L. Vijayaraja and S. Ganesh Kumar
S. Angalaeswari, D. Subbulekshmi and T. Deepa
Arathy Rajeev V.K. and Ganesh Kumar S.
T. Deepa, D. Subbulekshmi and S. Angalaeswari
R. Sureshkumar and S. Ganesh Kumar
V. Evelyn Brindha and X. Anitha Mary
Subject Areas: Electronics & communications engineering [TJ]
