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Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules
Santosh Kumar Upadhyay (Edited by), Sudhir Pratap Singh (Edited by)
9781119875086, Wiley
Hardback, published 9 March 2023
544 pages
25.6 x 17.1 x 3.5 cm, 1.106 kg
PLANTS AS BIOREACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL MOLECULES An incisive and practical discussion of how to use plants as bioreactors In Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an insightful and global perspective on the use of plants as bioreactors. In the book, you’ll find coverage of the basic, applied, biosynthetic, and translational approaches to the exploitation of plant technology in the production of high-value biomolecules. The authors focus on the yield and quality of amino acids, vitamins, and carbohydrates. The authors explain how high-value biomolecules enable developers to create cost-effective biological systems for the production of biomolecules useful in a variety of sectors. They provide a holistic approach to plant-based biological devices to produce natural molecules of relevance to the health and agriculture industries. Readers will also find: Perfect for academics, scientists, and researchers in industrial microbiology and biotechnology, Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules will also earn a place in the libraries of biotechnology company professionals in applied product development.
About the Editors xv List of Contributors xvii Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxv 1 Plants as Bioreactors: An Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Factors Controlling the Production of Recombinant Protein 2 1.2.1 Choice of the Host Species 2 1.2.2 Optimization of Expression of Recombinant Protein 3 1.2.2.1 Transcription 4 1.2.2.2 Post- Transcription Modifications 6 1.2.2.3 Translation 7 1.2.2.4 Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs) of Recombinant Proteins 8 1.2.3 Downstream Processing 8 1.3 Recombinant Proteins in Plants 9 1.3.1 Pharmaceutical Proteins 9 1.3.2 Vaccine Antigens 13 1.3.3 Antibodies 14 1.3.4 Nutritional Molecules 15 1.3.5 Other Valuable Products 16 1.4 Conclusions 17 References 17 2 Molecular Farming for the Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins in Plants 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Plant as an Expression Platform 30 2.3 Plant- Derived Recombinant Proteins 34 2.4 Engineering Strategies Utilized for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Production in Plants 34 2.4.1 Nuclear Transformation 35 2.4.2 Chloroplast Transformation 37 2.5 Pharmaceutical Protein Developed Using Plant Expression Platform 37 2.6 Perspectives 46 2.7 Conclusion 47 References 47 3 Plants as Edible Vaccine 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Mechanism of Action 59 3.3 Edible Plant Vaccines 60 3.3.1 Candidate Plants and Selection of Desired Gene 60 3.4 Production of Edible Vaccine (Plant Transformation) 61 3.4.1 Chemical- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 61 3.4.1.1 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 62 3.4.1.2 Liposome- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 62 3.4.1.3 Calcium Phosphate Coprecipitation 63 3.4.1.4 Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) – Ddextran- mediated DNA Transfer Method 64 3.4.2 Direct Gene Delivery Method (Physical) 64 3.4.2.1 Biolistic Transfection 64 3.4.2.2 Electroporation 65 3.4.2.3 Sonication 65 3.4.2.4 Microinjection 66 3.4.3 Indirect Gene Delivery 66 3.4.3.1 Agrobacterium- Mediated Gene Transfer 66 3.4.3.2 Genetically Engineered Plant Virus 68 3.4.3.3 Virus- Like Particles (VLPs) 69 3.5 Plant Species Used as Vaccine Models 70 3.5.1 Potato 70 3.5.2 Rice 71 3.5.3 Banana 71 3.5.4 Tomato 72 3.5.5 Lettuce 72 3.5.6 Maize 73 3.5.7 Carrot 73 3.5.8 Alfalfa 73 3.6 Challenges 76 3.7 Conclusion 77 Ackowledgments 77 References 78 4 Plant Cell Culture for Biopharmaceuticals 89 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Plant Cultures 90 4.2.1 Plant Cell Cultures 90 4.2.2 Plant Tissue Culture 91 4.2.3 Plant Organ Cultures 92 4.3 Conditions for Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 92 4.3.1 Culture Medium 92 4.3.2 pH 95 4.3.2.1 Plant Cell Growth Regulators (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin) 95 4.3.2.2 Auxins 95 4.3.2.3 Cytokinins 96 4.3.2.4 Gibberellins 96 4.3.2.5 Abscisic Acid (ABA) 96 4.4 Types of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 96 4.4.1 Embryo Culture 96 4.4.2 Somatic Embryogenesis 97 4.4.3 Genetic Transformation 97 4.4.4 Meristem Tip Culture 98 4.4.5 Organogenesis 98 4.4.6 Callus Culture (Callogenesis) 98 4.4.7 Adventitious Root/Hairy Root Culture (rhizogenesis) 98 4.4.8 Suspension Culture 99 4.4.9 Protoplast Fusion 99 4.4.10 Haploid Production 99 4.4.11 Germplasm Conservation 100 4.5 The Techniques Used in Plant Culture 100 4.5.1 Micropropagation in Medicinal Plants 101 4.5.1.1 Stage 0: Preparation of the Donor Plant 101 4.5.1.2 Stage I: Initiation Stage 101 4.5.1.3 Stage II: Multiplication Stage 102 4.5.1.4 Stage III: Rooting Stage 102 4.5.1.5 Stage IV: Acclimatization Stage 102 4.5.2 Elicitation 102 4.5.3 Transformed Tissue Cultures 103 4.5.4 Metabolic Engineering 104 4.6 Applications of Plant Cultures 104 4.7 Biopharmaceuticals 104 4.7.1 Biopharmaceuticals from Plants 105 4.7.1.1 Scale- up of Secondary Metabolites by Using Different Systems 107 4.7.1.2 Vaccines 110 4.7.1.3 Plantibodies 115 4.7.1.4 Proteins 115 4.7.2 The Effects of Production, Safety, and Efficacy 118 4.8 Conclusion 118 References 119 5 Microalgal Bioreactors for Pharmaceuticals Production 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Microalgae Strains Selection 128 5.3 Microalgae Cultivation 129 5.3.1 Factors Affecting the Growth and Productivity of Microalgae 130 5.3.1.1 Nutrients 130 5.3.1.2 Temperature 131 5.3.1.3 pH, Salinity, and Pressure 132 5.3.1.4 Light 132 5.3.1.5 Mixing 133 5.3.2 Methods and Systems for Microalgae Cultivation 134 5.3.2.1 Methods 134 5.3.2.2 Microalgae Cultivation Systems 136 5.4 Acquiring Biopharmaceuticals from Microalgae’s 137 5.4.1 Microalgae Harvesting 137 5.4.1.1 Flocculation and Ultrasound 138 5.4.1.2 Centrifugation 138 5.4.1.3 Filtration 138 5.4.1.4 Flotation 139 5.4.2 Biomass Dehydratation 139 5.4.3 Cell Disruption for Bioproducts Extraction 140 5.5 Microalgal Compounds and their Pharmaceutical Applications 141 5.5.1 Carotenoids 141 5.5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 143 5.5.3 Polysaccharides, Vitamins, and Minerals 145 5.5.4 Proteins 145 5.6 Conclusions 147 References 147 6 Micropropagation for the Improved Production of Secondary Metabolites 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Micropropagation for Production of Secondary Metabolites 163 6.3 Strategies to Improve Secondary Metabolite Production 165 6.3.1 Optimizing Culture Conditions 165 6.3.2 Selecting High- Producing Cell Lines 167 6.3.3 Organ Cultures 167 6.3.4 Precursor Feeding 168 6.3.5 Elicitation 168 6.3.6 Immobilization 170 6.3.7 Permeabilization 171 6.3.8 Genetic Transformation: Hairy Root Cultures and Shooty Teratomas 171 6.3.9 Biotransformation 172 6.3.10 Metabolic Engineering 173 6.3.11 Plant Bioreactors and Scale- up 174 6.4 Conclusions 176 References 176 7 Metabolic Engineering for Carotenoids Enrichment of Plants 185 7.1 Background 185 7.2 Classification of Carotenoid Pigments 186 7.2.1 Carotenoid Hydrocarbons 191 7.2.2 Xanthophylls 192 7.2.3 Carotenoid Ketones 192 7.2.4 Carotenoid Acids 193 7.3 Aspects of the Mechanism of Carotenoid Biosynthesis 194 7.3.1 Premises of Metabolic Engineering 208 7.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 209 References 210 8 Plant Genome Engineering for Improved Flavonoids Production 215 8.1 Background 215 8.2 Structure, Diversity, and Subgroups 217 8.3 Flavonoid Biosynthesis 223 8.4 The Mechanism of Action of Flavonoids 229 8.5 The Role of Flavonoids in Food and Medicine 233 8.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 236 References 236 9 Antibody Production in Plants 241 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 How Are Antigens Expressed in Plants? 242 9.2.1 Transient Expression of Antigens 242 9.2.2 Plant Virus Fusion Proteins 243 9.3 Plant- Derived Antibodies: Are There any Alternative Approaches? 244 9.4 Antibody Production in Plants: Advantages and Concerns 246 9.5 Conclusion and Prospects 247 References 248 10 Metabolic Engineering of Essential Micronutrients in Plants to Ensure Food Security 255 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Metabolic Engineering of Crops for Increased Nutritional Value 256 10.2.1 Iron 256 10.2.2 Iodine 260 10.2.3 Zinc 260 10.2.4 Vitamin A 261 10.2.5 Vitamin B 6 10.2.6 Vitamin B 9 264 10.2.7 Vitamin E 265 10.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 266 Acknowledgments 266 References 268 11 Plant Hairy Roots as Biofactory for the Production of Industrial Metabolites 273 11.1 Introduction 273 11.2 Types of Metabolites and Industrial Metabolites 274 11.3 Secondary Metabolites 276 11.4 Importance of Secondary Metabolites 277 11.5 Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites 278 11.6 Hairy Roots 280 11.6.1 Hairy Roots 280 11.6.2 Hairy Roots in Plants and In vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites 281 11.7 Initiation of Hairy Root Cultures 282 11.7.1 Formation of Highly Proliferative Hairy Roots 282 11.7.2 Agrobacterium rhizogenes for Hairy Root Production and as a Biotechnology Tools 283 11.8 Large- Scale Production of Secondary Metabolites 285 11.9 Strategies Used In vitro 287 11.9.1 Why Hairy Root Culture? 289 11.10 Plants as Bioreactors 289 11.11 A Case Study 291 11.12 Conclusion 292 References 294 12 Microalgae as Cell Factories for Biofuel and Bioenergetic Precursor Molecules 299 12.1 Introduction 299 12.2 Microalgae that Produce Bioenergy and Biofuel Molecules 300 12.3 Biosynthesis of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels in Microalgae 302 12.4 Biohydrogen Production 303 12.5 Starch Biosynthesis 303 12.6 Lipid Biosynthesis 304 12.7 Biochemical Regulation of BBPM Associated with Nutritional Conditions 306 12.8 Physical and Chemical Factors Promote the Accumulation of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels 308 12.9 Light Intensity 308 12.10 Salts 308 12.11 Use of Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sources 309 12.12 Agitation 309 12.13 Photobioreactors to Produce Bioenergy and Biofuels 310 12.14 Open Pond Cultivation Systems 310 12.15 Closed Systems 310 12.16 Hybrid Systems 311 12.17 Conclusions 311 References 311 13 Metabolic Engineering for Value Addition in Plant- Based Lipids/Fatty Acids 317 13.1 Introduction 317 13.2 Plant Lipids 318 13.3 Tag Synthesis in Plants 318 13.3.1 Fatty Acid Synthesis 318 13.3.2 Tag Biosynthesis 319 13.3.3 Lipid Droplets Biogenesis 320 13.3.4 Wax Esters Synthesis 321 13.4 Regulatory Factors Involved in Tag Synthesis 322 13.5 Metabolic Engineering for Lipid/Fatty Acid Synthesis 323 13.5.1 Increasing Oil Accumulation in Plants 325 13.5.1.1 Modification of Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway 325 13.5.1.2 Increasing Tag Synthesis/Assembly Process 325 13.5.1.3 Increasing Carbon Flux Toward Oil Biosynthesis 325 13.5.1.4 Modulating the Expression of Transcription Factors 326 13.5.1.5 Reducing the Hydrolysis of Storage Lipids 326 13.5.2 Improving the Quality of Oil by Altering the Fatty Acid Profile 326 13.6 Conclusions 327 References 331 14 Plants as Bioreactors for the Production of Biopesticides 337 14.1 Introduction 337 14.2 Plant Metabolic Engineering for the Production of EOs and their Pure Compounds 338 14.3 Bioactivity of EOs 341 14.3.1 Insecticidal Effects of EOs 341 14.3.1.1 EO Composition of the Lamiaceae Main Genera with Insecticidal Effect 341 14.3.1.2 Characteristics of Some Species Within the Main Genera 342 14.3.2 Antibacterial Activity of EOs 345 14.3.3 Antifungal Effect of EOs 347 14.3.4 Bioconversion Process of EOs and Their Components by Microorganisms 354 14.4 In vitro Synthesis vs Extraction from Natural Sources: How to Obtain Secondary Metabolites 356 14.4.1 Factors Affecting the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources 356 14.4.2 Production of Azadirachtin by Azadirachta indica. A Case Study 357 14.5 Conclusion 358 References 359 15 Nutraceuticals Productions from Plants 367 15.1 Plant- Derived Nutraceuticals 367 15.2 Phytochemicals and their Impacts on Human Health 369 15.2.1 Polyphenols 369 15.2.1.1 Chromones 370 15.2.1.2 Coumarins 371 15.2.1.3 Flavonoids 371 15.2.1.4 Curcumin 373 15.2.1.5 Stilbenes 373 15.2.1.6 Xanthones 374 15.2.2 Terpenoids 375 15.2.2.1 Carotenoids 376 15.2.2.2 Ginkgolides 376 15.2.2.3 Limonene 376 15.2.2.4 Oleanolic Acid 376 15.2.2.5 Phytosterols 376 15.2.2.6 Tocopherols and Tocotrienols 377 15.2.3 Alkaloids 377 15.2.4 Fatty Acids 379 15.2.5 Fiber 380 15.3 Engineering Nutraceutical- Enriched Plants 381 15.4 Potential Side Effects of Nutraceuticals on Human Health 382 15.5 Final Considerations 383 References 384 16 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Various Plant Parts and Their Antifungal Activity 393 16.1 Introduction 393 16.2 Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plant Source 395 16.3 Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants Source 399 16.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants 400 16.5 Other Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plant Source 401 16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 402 Acknowledgement 402 Conflicts of Interest 403 Author Contribution 403 References 403 17 Plant- Based/Herbal Nanobiocatalysts and Their Applications 411 17.1 Introduction of Nanobiocatalyst 411 17.2 Nanobiocatalysts from Herbal Alkaloid Plants Are Used in Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 412 17.3 Why Use Nanobiocatalysts? 413 17.4 Immobilization of Biocatalyst (Enzymes) and Nanoparticles or Nanomatrix 413 17.5 Application of the Nanobiocatalyst 415 17.5.1 Application of Enzyme Immobilized on Graphene- Based Nanomaterial 415 17.5.2 Enzyme- Based Biosensor 415 17.5.2.1 Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized with the Graphene Oxide (GO) 416 17.5.2.2 HRP Biosensor Towards the Detection of Dopamine 416 17.5.2.3 HRP – Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower 417 17.5.3 Bitter Gourd Peroxidase Immobilized with TiO 2 Nanoparticles 417 17.5.4 Immobilization of Acetylcholinesterase on Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Sol–Gel Nanomatrix 418 17.5.5 Alcohol Dehydrogenase Immobilized with Carbon Nano Scaffold 418 17.5.6 Vanillin or Vanillin Synthase is Used as a Therapeutic Drug by Immobilizing with Nanoparticles 419 17.5.7 STR Gene Regulation with the Help of Silver Nanoparticles 419 17.5.8 Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Different Enzymes of Alkaloid Plants Conjugate on the Bioengineering Pathway 420 17.5.9 Application of Plant Extract Biocatalyst Which is Useful to Make Different Nanoparticles and Used as a Remedy. See Table 17.2. 421 17.6 Conclusion 422 References 422 18 Potential Plant Bioreactors 427 18.1 Introduction 427 18.2 Whole Plants: Stable and Transient Expression Systems 429 18.2.1 Stable Expression (Whole Plant Based) 429 18.2.1.1 Leaf Based 429 18.2.1.2 Seed Based 431 18.2.2 Transient Expression 432 18.2.3 In vitro Culture Systems 433 18.2.3.1 Plant Suspension Cultures 434 18.2.3.2 Hairy Root System 435 18.2.3.3 Moss 438 18.2.4 Aquatic Plants 438 18.2.4.1 Duckweed 438 18.2.4.2 Microalgae 439 18.3 Unique Features of Using Plant- based Production Over Microbial and Mammalian Systems 441 18.3.1 Better Protein Functionality 442 18.3.2 Plant Matrix 442 18.3.3 Speed and Scalability of Production 442 18.3.4 Consumer Acceptance 442 18.3.5 Animal- free Production thus Lower Risks of Pathogen Invasion 442 18.4 Strategies to Enhance the Potential of Plant- based Production Systems 443 18.4.1 To Minimize Ecological Footprint via Inherent Carbon dioxide Fixation and Improved and Sustainable Fertilizer Use 443 18.4.2 Use of Pant Bioreactors to Harvest Multiple Products from a Single Process 443 18.4.3 Reduced Investment and Establishment of Vertical Farms 444 18.4.4 Use of Biodegradable Plant- based Expression Systems 445 18.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 445 Conflict of Interest 446 References 446 19 Production of Nutraceuticals Using Plant Cell and Tissue Culture 457 19.1 Introduction 457 19.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites as Nutraceuticals in In vitro Cultures 459 19.2.1 Nutraceuticals Used in Pharmaceuticals Industry 459 19.2.2 Nutraceuticals Used in Food and/or Cosmetic Industry 465 19.3 Conclusions 472 References 472 20 Algal Bioreactors for Polysaccharides Production 485 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Algae 486 20.2.1 Algae Producers of Polysaccharides 486 20.2.2 Types of Algae Polysaccharides 487 20.3 Biological Activity of Algal Polysaccharides 488 20.4 Parameters that Iinfluence the Polysaccharides Production by Microalgae 489 20.4.1 Chemical Parameters 490 20.4.2 Physical Parameters 491 20.5 Algal Bioreactors 492 20.5.1 Open System 493 20.5.2 Closed System 494 20.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 494 Acknowledgments 495 References 495 Index 503
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Subject Areas: Science: general issues [PD]
