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Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Principles, Techniques, and Clinical Applications
Uchenna E. Odoh (Edited by), Shailendra S. Gurav (Edited by), Michael O. Chukwuma (Edited by)
9781394203659, Wiley
Hardback, published 2 June 2025
496 pages
28 x 19 x 3 cm, 1.588 kg
Key information on plant-based chemical and pharmacology research, from basics and principles through recent technological advances Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry provides an overview of the basics of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry from early principles through contemporary advances like molecular pharmacognosy. The book covers the classification of crude drugs, complementary and alternative medical (CAM) systems, adulteration and evaluation of drugs, extraction methods of plant drugs, and ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology. The book also reviews the historical overview, therapeutic application, cultural and ecological dimensions of plant-based medicines. Other key chapters discuss biotechnology and clinical pharmacognosy. Written by a group of expert contributors, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry reviews sample topics including: Combining traditional knowledge with modern advancements to provide a holistic understanding of two important fields, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry serves as an excellent resource for students, researchers, and practitioners.
List of Contributors xvii Preface xxi 1 Historical Overview of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1 1.1 Introduction to Pharmacognosy 1 1.2 Historical Development of Pharmacognosy 1 1.3 Development of Pharmacognosy in the Modern Era 3 1.4 The Relevance of Pharmacognosy in Pharmacological Research on Herbal Medicinal Products 3 1.5 Taxonomy and Botanical Authenticity 3 1.6 Phytochemistry – An Expanded Role in Traditional Medicine (History and Progress in Drug Discovery) 6 1.7 Recent Progress in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7 1.8 Conclusion 14 References 14 2 Classification of Crude Drugs of Natural Origin 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Botanical Classification 18 2.3 Morphological Classification 19 2.4 Chemical Classification 21 2.5 Pharmacological Classification 23 2.6 Taxonomical Classification 25 2.7 Chemotaxonomical Classification 25 2.8 Geographical Classification 26 2.9 Traditional and Cultural Classification 28 2.10 Modern Analytical Techniques in Classification 29 2.11 Challenges in Classification 32 2.12 Future Perspectives 33 2.13 Conclusion 35 References 37 3 Folk Medicine as a Source of Therapeutically Important Drugs: Evidence from Ethnobotanical Investigations 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Traditional Medical Systems 46 3.3 Importance of Ethnobotanical Research in Drug Discovery 48 3.4 Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants 49 3.5 Conclusions 59 Acknowledgments 59 References 59 4 Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Systems 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Ayurveda System 67 4.3 Unani System 72 4.4 Siddha System 75 4.5 Homeopathy System 79 4.6 Conclusion 80 References 80 5 Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation of Plant Drugs 83 5.1 History 83 5.2 Cultivation 83 5.3 Factors Affecting Cultivation 85 5.4 Good Agricultural Practice 88 5.5 Good Collection Practices for Medicinal Plants 91 5.6 Processing of Medicinal Plants 92 5.7 Storage and Packaging 93 5.8 Sample Record for Cultivated Medicinal Plants 94 5.9 Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce in Indian Scenario 97 References 99 6 Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude Drugs of Natural Origin 101 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Adulteration of Herbal Drugs 102 6.3 Types of Adulteration 103 6.4 Adulteration in Medicinal Plants 106 6.5 Methods of Detection of Adulterants and Evaluation of Medicinal Herbs 107 6.6 Analytical Techniques in the Detection and Evaluation of Adulterants 111 6.7 Challenges in Detection of Adulterants 115 6.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 115 References 115 7 Methods of Extraction 121 7.1 Introduction 121 7.2 Ideal Properties of Solvent 122 7.3 Solvents for Extraction 123 7.4 Factor Affecting Extraction Methods 124 7.5 Mechanism of Extraction 124 7.6 Methods of Extraction 125 References 139 8 Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Phytochemical Analysis 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Phytochemical Screening Through Chemical Test 144 8.3 Quantitative Methods of Phytochemical Analysis 150 8.4 Analytical Techniques In Phytochemical Analysis 156 8.5 Conclusion 159 References 160 9 Modern Analytical Techniques for Quality Control and Chemical Identification of Phytochemicals 167 9.1 Introduction 167 9.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 175 9.4 Mass Spectrometry 179 9.5 Hyphenated Techniques 180 9.6 Chemometric Tools and Data Analysis 181 9.7 Advanced Technologies 182 9.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 182 9.9 Conclusion 183 References 184 10 Classification and Therapeutic Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites 189 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 Classification of PSMs 190 10.3 Biosynthetic Pathways 194 10.4 Environmental Factors Affecting PSMs 194 10.5 Genetic Factors Affecting PSMs 195 10.6 Role of Enzymes in Plant Secondary Metabolite Production 195 10.7 PSMs Therapeutic Applications 196 10.8 Safety and Toxicity Considerations 201 10.9 Standardization of Herbal Medicine Using PSMs 201 10.10 Conclusion 202 References 203 11 Isolation, Fractionation, and Purification of Natural Products 207 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Extraction 208 11.3 Extraction Methods/ Technique 209 11.4 Fractionation Techniques 215 11.5 Purification 221 References 226 12 Pharmacological Screening of Drugs from Natural Sources 235 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Pharmacological Approaches 235 12.3 Conclusion 252 References 252 13 Biosynthetic Pathways of Phytopharmaceuticals 255 13.1 Introduction 255 13.2 Introduction to Primary and Secondary Metabolites 256 13.3 General Metabolic/Synthetic Pathway Which Shows from CO2 to Different Primary and Secondary Metabolite Formation 259 13.4 Enzymes 260 13.5 Role of Enzymes in Biosynthetic Pathways 261 13.6 Other Structural Modifications 263 13.7 Shikimic Acid Pathway for Biosynthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids 265 13.8 Acetate Mevalonate Pathway for Biosynthesis of Terpenes 266 13.9 Biosynthesis of Aliphatic Amino Acids 268 13.10 Acetate Mevalonate Pathways for Biosynthesis of Fatty Acyl-CoA 269 References 271 14 Pharmaceutical Aids of Natural Origin 273 14.1 Introduction 273 14.2 Some Industrially Important Pharmaceutical Aids 275 14.3 Conclusion 284 References 285 15 Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 297 15.1 Introduction 297 15.2 Nutraceuticals 298 15.3 Cosmeceuticals 301 15.4 Synergies Between Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 303 15.5 Regulatory Considerations 305 15.6 Future Trends and Innovations 308 15.7 Conclusion 311 References 311 16 Pesticides and Allergens 315 16.1 Introduction 315 16.2 Natural Pesticide/Biopesticides and Natural Anti-Allergens: Source, Bioactive Substances and Applications 316 16.3 Pharmacological Mechanism and Toxicity Profile of Some Common Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 321 16.4 Global Market Surveillance of Biopesticides and Anti-allergens 323 16.5 Commercial Production and Formulations of Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 324 16.6 Regulatory Aspects for Quality Control of Pesticides and Anti-allergens 326 16.7 Future Prospects and Opportunities 327 Acknowledgments 328 Conflict of Interest 328 Funding 328 References 328 17 Comparative Phytochemistry and Chemotaxonomy 333 17.1 Introduction 333 17.2 Chemotaxonomy 333 17.3 Chemical Markers in Chemotaxonomy 334 17.4 Methods in Chemotaxonomy 335 17.5 Phytochemical Approach in Chemotaxonomy 336 17.6 Limitations of Chemotaxonomy 342 17.7 Conclusion 342 References 342 18 Medicinal Plant Biotechnology 347 18.1 Introduction 347 18.2 Plant Tissue Culture 347 18.3 Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) 362 18.4 Conclusion 366 References 366 19 Marine Pharmacognosy 371 19.1 Introduction 371 19.2 Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity 372 19.3 Bioactive Compounds from Marine Microorganisms 373 19.4 Marine Algae and Their Medicinal Potential 375 19.5 Marine Invertebrates and Its Bioactive 378 19.6 Extraction Process and Characterization Techniques 380 19.7 Pharmacological Activities of Marine-derived Compounds 382 19.8 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Marine Microorganisms 385 19.9 Marketed Marine Drug Product 386 19.10 Future Prospects 388 19.11 Conclusion 388 References 389 20 Molecular Pharmacognosy 395 20.1 Introduction 395 20.2 Molecular Biology Techniques in Pharmacognosy 396 20.3 Molecular Genetics and Genomics of Medicinal Plants 399 20.4 PTC of Medicinal Plants 404 20.5 Molecular Biosynthesis and Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants 407 20.6 Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology of Medicinal Plants 410 20.7 Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Toxicity of Plant-derived Drugs 412 20.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 413 References 413 21 Clinical Pharmacognosy 421 21.1 Introduction 421 21.2 Pharmacognosy 421 21.3 Clinical Pharmacognosy 423 21.4 Clinical Studies on Botanicals and Dietary Supplements 433 21.5 Clinical Pharmacokinetics 435 21.6 Phytoequivalence 436 21.7 Future Prospects of Clinical Pharmacognosy 437 21.8 Conclusion 437 References 437 Index 443
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Subject Areas: Chemistry [PN]
