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Nondestructive Testing of Deep Foundations
Bernard Hertlein (Author), Allen Davis (Author)
9780470848500, Wiley
Hardback, published 30 June 2006
296 pages
22.9 x 15.8 x 2.1 cm, 0.54 kg
Nondestructive Testing involves the use of methods such as wave propagation, electromagnetism, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity to test structural integrity and thereby allow nondestructive assessment of structures and the possibility of structural failures before they occur. Nondestructive Testing of Deep Foundations covers different techniques designed to provide information about the integrity and quality of the material that makes up a deep foundation. Nondestructive Testing methods are used at all stages of a structure's life - from new construction quality control to residual lifetime prediction, and even during the monitoring of demolition. In addition, Nondestructive Testing is being increasingly specified in deep foundation projects, though often without a good understanding of its limitations and with the result that methods are often misused. In order to be able to specify an appropriate method, or to recognize an inappropriate specification, it is necessary for the engineer, specifier and/or contractor to understand the capabilities and limitations of each of the methods currently in use. Nondestructive Testing of Deep Foundations: This manual will prove to be a welcome addition to the bookshelf of all practitioners in civil/structural and geotechnical engineering and architecture. It will also provide a valuable insight into this highly technical field for university researchers, lecturers and postgraduate students in civil/structural and geotechnical engineering.
FOREWORD xi 1 INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF HISTORY 1 2 DEEP FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION METHODS 19 3 HOW SOILS AFFECT THE CHOICE OF FOUNDATION 43 4 TRADITIONAL, VISUAL AND NEW INSPECTION METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION 47 5 A REVIEW OF FULL-SCALE LOAD-TESTING TECHNIQUES 59 6 HIGH-STRAIN TESTING FOR CAPACITY AND/OR INTEGRITY 71 7 LOW-STRAIN SURFACE TESTS – SONIC ECHO 101 8 SONIC MOBILITY (IMPULSE RESPONSE) 115 9 THE IMPEDANCE-LOG ANALYSIS 137 10 LOW-STRAIN DOWN-HOLE TESTS 143 11 FIELD MOCK-UPS OF DEEP FOUNDTIONS: CLASS-A PREDICTIONS 167 12 THE RELIABILITY OF PILE SHAFT INTEGRITY TESTING 175 13 CURRENT RESEARCH 189 14 THE PLACE OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY 211 APPENDIX I STRESS-WAVE PROPAGATION IN CYLINDRICAL STRUCTURES 223 APPENDIX II CONTACT ADDRESSES 235 APPENDIX III STANDARDS REFERRED TO IN THIS BOOK 239 APPENDIX IV SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR NDT METHODS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS 243 REFERENCES 255
PREFACE xiii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii
PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS xix
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A Brief History of Deep Foundations and the Advent of NDT 3
1.3 Deep Foundation Failures and NDT 10
1.4 Deficiencies in Existing Foundations 16
2.1 Driven Piles – Timber, Steel and Concrete 20
2.2 Caissons and Drilled Shafts 28
2.3 Diaphragm Walls, Cut-off Walls and Barrettes 32
2.4 Augered, Cast-in-Place Piles 33
2.5 Micropiles or Minipiles 35
2.6 Stone Columns and other Soil Improvement Techniques 40
4.1 Driven Piles 47
4.2 Augered, Cast-in-Place Piles 48
4.3 Drilled Shafts 50
4.4 The Inspector's Role 55
5.1 Static Load-Test Techniques – Axial Compression 61
5.2 Static Load-Test Techniques – Axial Tension 68
5.3 Static Load-Test Techniques – Lateral 68
6.1 High-Strain Dynamic (Drop-Weight) Testing of Driven Piles 71
6.2 High-Strain Testing of Drilled Shafts and Augered, Cast-in-Place Piles 79
6.3 Modification of Shaft Head for High-Strain Tests 84
6.4 Practical Considerations for Drop-Weight Techniques 87
6.5 HSDT Alternatives 89
6.6 Limitations of High-Strain Dynamic Testing 98
7.1 Sonic Echo (Impulse ECHO) 102
8.1 Principles of Impulse–Response Curve Interpretation 122
8.2 Practical Considerations 124
8.3 Classification of Signal Responses 127
8.4 Pile Simulation Techniques 132
8.5 Time Domain–Velocity Reflectors 135
10.1 Introduction 143
10.2 Cross-Hole Sonic Logging 143
10.3 Cross-Hole Tomography 148
10.4 Single-Hole Sonic Logging 152
10.5 Gamma–Gamma Logging 155
10.6 Parallel Seismic Testing 162
12.1 Statistical NDT Sampling Schemes 176
12.2 Methodology Reliability 178
13.1 Developments in Measurement and Analysis 190
13.2 Electrical Methods 190
13.3 Optical Techniques 198
13.4 Guided Wave Analysis 201
13.5 Statistical Analysis 202
13.6 Self-Consolidating Concrete 203
13.7 Acceptable Vibration Levels 206
13.8 Automated Monitoring Systems 206
13.9 Wireless Acquisition Systems 207
13.10 'SMART' Structures 208
14.1 Nondestructive testing and load and resistance factor design 214
14.2 Setting up an Effective Quality Management Program 215
14.3 Who's Testing the Tester? 216
14.4 Acceptance Criteria 220
14.5 Evaluating Defects 221
1. General Theory 223
2. Determination of Damping 228
3. Determination of Harmonic Response – Mechanical Impedance 229
4. Resonant frequency of an infinitely long pile 232
5. Impedance input for a finite length pile with unknown mechanical impedance at its base 233
1. Cross–Hole Sonic Logging 239
2. GAMMA–GAMMA Logging 240
3. High-Strain Testing of Piles 240
4. Impulse-echo and Impulse-Response Tests 240
5. Parallel Seismic 241
6. Static Load Testing of Deep Foundation Shafts 241
1. Sample Specification for Low-Strain Testing by Either Impulse Echo or Impulse Response 244
2. Sample Specification for Cross-Hole Sonic Logging (CSL) 248
INDEX 267
Subject Areas: Civil engineering, surveying & building [TN]
