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Noise and Vibration Analysis
Signal Analysis and Experimental Procedures
Anders Brandt (Author)
9781118962183, Wiley
Hardback, published 31 August 2023
704 pages
24.4 x 17 x 4.3 cm, 1.442 kg
NOISE AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS Complete guide to signal processing and modal analysis theory, with coverage of practical applications and a plethora of learning tools Featuring numerous line diagrams and illustrations, the newly revised and updated Second Edition of Noise and Vibration Analysis is a comprehensive and practical guide that combines both signal processing and modal analysis theory with their practical application in noise and vibration analysis. This new edition has been updated with three new chapters covering experimental modal analysis, operational modal analysis, and practical vibration measurements. Taking a practical learning approach, the text includes exercises that allow the content to be developed in an academic course framework or as supplementary material for private and further study, including multiple choice questions at the end of each chapter. An accompanying website hosts a MATLAB® toolbox, additional problems and examples, and videos. Written by a highly qualified author with significant experience in the field, Noise and Vibration Analysis covers topics such as: Noise and Vibration Analysis is an excellent resource for researchers and engineers from the automotive, aerospace, mechanical, or electronics industries who work with experimental or analytical vibration analysis and/or acoustics. The text is also valuable for graduate students enrolled in vibration analysis, experimental structural dynamics, or applied signal analysis courses.
About the Author xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii Annotation xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Noise and Vibration 1 1.2 Noise and Vibration Analysis 2 1.3 Application Areas 3 1.4 Analysis of Noise and Vibrations 4 1.5 Standards 5 1.6 Becoming a Noise and Vibration Analysis Expert 5 2 Dynamic Signals and Systems 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Periodic Signals 11 2.3 Random Signals 16 2.4 Transient Signals 17 2.5 RMS Value and Power 18 2.6 Linear Systems 19 2.7 The Continuous Fourier Transform 29 2.8 Chapter Summary 35 2.9 Problems 36 References 38 3 Time Data Analysis 39 3.1 Introduction to Discrete Signals 39 3.2 The Sampling Theorem 40 3.3 Filters 48 3.4 Time Series Analysis 57 3.5 Chapter Summary 66 3.6 Problems 67 References 68 4 Statistics and Random Processes 71 4.1 Introduction to the Use of Statistics 71 4.2 Random Theory 73 4.3 Statistical Methods 83 4.4 Quality Assessment of Measured Signals 91 4.5 Chapter Summary 94 4.6 Problems 95 References 96 5 Fundamental Mechanics 97 5.1 Newton’s Laws 97 5.2 The Single Degree-of-Freedom System (SDOF) 98 5.3 Alternative Quantities for Describing Motion 106 5.4 Frequency Response Plot Formats 108 5.5 Determining Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio 113 5.6 Rotating Mass 115 5.7 Some Comments on Damping 116 5.8 Models Based on SDOF Approximations 118 5.9 The Two Degree of Freedom System (2DOF) 121 5.10 The Tuned Damper 123 5.11 Chapter Summary 125 5.12 Problems 126 References 127 6 Modal Analysis Theory 129 6.1 Waves on a String 129 6.2 Matrix Formulations 131 6.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 132 6.4 Frequency Response of MDOF Systems 146 6.5 Free Decays 155 6.6 Chapter Summary 156 6.7 Problems 157 References 158 7 Transducers for Noise and Vibration Analysis 159 7.1 The Piezoelectric Effect 159 7.2 The Charge Amplifier 160 7.3 Transducers with Built-In Impedance Converters, “IEPE” 162 7.4 The Piezoelectric Accelerometer 165 7.5 The Piezoelectric Force Transducer 170 7.6 The Impedance Head 171 7.7 The Impulse Hammer 172 7.8 Accelerometer Calibration 173 7.9 Measurement Microphones 174 7.10 Microphone Calibration 175 7.11 The Geophone 175 7.12 MEMS-based Sensors 176 7.13 Shakers for Structure Excitation 177 7.14 Some Comments on Measurement Procedures 178 7.15 Problems 180 References 181 8 Frequency Analysis Theory 183 8.1 Periodic Signals – The Fourier Series 183 8.2 Spectra of Periodic Signals 185 8.3 Random Processes 187 8.4 Transient Signals 189 8.5 Interpretation of Spectra 189 8.6 Chapter Summary 191 8.7 Problems 192 References 193 9 Experimental Frequency Analysis 195 9.1 Frequency Analysis Principles 195 9.2 Octave and Third-Octave Band Spectra 197 9.3 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) 198 9.4 Chapter Summary 224 9.5 Problems 225 References 226 10 Spectrum and Correlation Estimates Using the DFT 229 10.1 Averaging 229 10.2 Spectrum Estimators for Periodic Signals 230 10.3 Estimators for PSD and CSD 233 10.4 Estimators for Correlation Functions 250 10.5 Estimators for Transient Signals 258 10.6 A Signal Processing Framework for Spectrum and Correlation Estimation 260 10.7 Spectrum Estimation in Practice 262 10.8 Multichannel Spectral and Correlation Analysis 273 10.9 Chapter Summary 276 10.10 Problems 277 References 278 11 Measurement and Analysis Systems 281 11.1 Principal Design 282 11.2 Hardware for Noise and Vibration Analysis 283 11.3 FFT Analysis Software 295 11.4 Chapter Summary 299 11.5 Problems 300 Problems 300 References 301 12 Rotating Machinery Analysis 303 12.1 Vibrations in Rotating Machines 303 12.2 Understanding Time–Frequency Analysis 304 12.3 Rotational Speed Signals (Tachometer Signals) 306 12.4 RPM Maps 308 12.5 Smearing 310 12.6 Order Tracks 312 12.7 Synchronous Sampling 314 12.8 Averaging Rotation-Speed-Dependent Signals 317 12.9 Adding Change in RMS with Time 318 12.10 Parametric Methods 322 12.11 Chapter Summary 323 12.12 Problems 324 References 325 13 Single-input Frequency Response Measurements 327 13.1 Linear Systems 328 13.2 Determining Frequency Response Experimentally 328 13.3 Important Relationships for Linear Systems 333 13.4 The Coherence Function 333 13.5 Errors in Determining the Frequency Response 334 13.6 Coherent Output Power 339 13.7 The Coherence Function in Practice 340 13.8 Impact Excitation 342 13.9 Shaker Excitation 351 13.10 Examples of FRF Estimation – No Extraneous Noise 357 13.11 Example of FRF Estimation – With Output Noise 360 13.12 Examples of FRF Estimation – With Input and Output Noise 362 13.13 Chapter Summary 365 13.14 Problems 367 References 368 14 Multiple-Input Frequency Response Measurement 369 14.1 Multiple-Input Systems 369 14.2 Conditioned Input Signals 377 14.3 Bias and Random Errors for Multiple-Input Systems 384 14.4 Excitation Signals for MIMO Analysis 384 14.5 Data Synthesis and Simulation Examples 387 14.6 Real MIMO Data Case 393 14.7 Chapter Summary 396 14.8 Problems 397 References 398 15 Orthogonalization of Signals 401 15.1 Principal Components 401 15.2 Virtual Signals 410 15.3 Noise Source Identification (NSI) 417 15.4 Chapter Summary 422 15.5 Problems 423 References 424 16 Experimental Modal Analysis 425 16.1 Introduction to Experimental Modal Analysis 425 16.2 Experimental Setup 427 16.3 Introduction to Modal Parameter Extraction 437 16.4 SDOF Parameter Extraction 440 16.5 The Unified Matrix Polynomial Approach, UMPA 443 16.6 Time Versus Frequency Domain Parameter Extraction for EMA 452 16.7 Time Domain Parameter Extraction Methods 454 16.8 Frequency Domain Parameter Extraction Methods 470 16.9 Methods for Mode Shape Estimation and Scaling 480 16.10 Evaluating the Extracted Parameters 486 16.11 Chapter Summary 489 16.12 Problems 491 References 492 17 Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) 495 17.1 Principles for OMA 496 17.2 Data Acquisition Principles 497 17.3 OMA Modal Parameter Extraction for OMA 498 17.4 Scaling OMA Modal Models 508 17.5 Chapter Summary 512 17.6 Problems 514 References 514 18 Advanced Analysis Methods 517 18.1 Shock Response Spectrum 517 18.2 The Hilbert Transform 520 18.3 Cepstrum Analysis 527 18.4 The Envelope Spectrum 531 18.5 Creating Random Signals with Known Spectral Density 533 18.6 Identifying Harmonics in Noise 535 18.7 Harmonic Removal 539 18.8 Chapter Summary 542 18.9 Problems 543 References 544 19 Practical Vibration Measurements and Analysis 547 19.1 Introduction to a Plexiglas Plate 547 19.2 Forced Response Simulation 550 19.3 Spectra of Periodic Signals 556 19.4 Spectra of Random Signals 559 19.5 Data with Random and Periodic Content 561 19.6 Operational Deflection Shapes – ODS 567 19.7 Impact Excitation and FRF Estimation 572 19.8 Plexiglas EMA Example 578 19.9 Methods for EMA Modal Parameter Estimation, MPE 585 19.10 Conclusions of EMA MPE 599 19.11 OMA Examples 600 References 622 Appendix A Complex Numbers 625 Appendix B Logarithmic Diagrams 629 Appendix C Decibels 633 Appendix D Some Elementary Matrix Algebra 635 Appendix E Eigenvalues and the SVD 639 E.1 Eigenvalues and Complex Matrices 639 E.2 The Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) 640 Appendix F Organizations and Resources 643 Appendix G Checklist for Experimental Modal Analysis Testing 645 Bibliography 647 Index 659
Subject Areas: Mechanical engineering & materials [TG]
