Section A. General Aspects

Chapter 1. Drugs and the Human Envirome

Chapter 2. Psychoactive Plants Used during Religious Rituals

Chapter 3. Substance Use Disorders and Comorbid Mental Illness: A Focus on Epidemiological Data Regarding Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Chapter 4. Mephedrone and Mephedrone-Based Cocktails: Market, Analysis, Mechanisms of Action, and Toxicity

Chapter 5. Substance-Induced Psychosis: Conceptual and Diagnostic Challenges in Clinical Practice

Chapter 6. Sleep and Drug Addiction

Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Chapter 7. Hypothalamic and Midbrain Cells, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and Implications for Drug Addiction

Chapter 8. Oxytocin: Providing New Avenues for Treating and Understanding Problematic Drug Use

Chapter 9. Role of D2-like Heteroreceptor Complexes in the Effects of Cocaine, Morphine, and Hallucinogens

Chapter 10. Glutamate Receptors and Drug Addiction

Chapter 11. Effect of Interacting Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) and Opioids on Mood: Pharmacodynamic Considerations in Misuse and Abuse

Chapter 12. A Mini-Review on Different Commonly Used Abusive Drugs and the Interactions of These Drugs and Chinese Herbs

Chapter 13. Interaction of Drugs of Addiction with DNA

Chapter 14. Drugs of Abuse and DNA Methylation in the Brain: Ethanol, Cocaine, Amphetamine–Methamphetamine, Heroin, Antidepressants, and Antipsychotics

Chapter 15. Orexin/Hypocretin System and Drug Addiction

Chapter 16. Reverse Translational Implications of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Addiction Genetics

Chapter 17. Polymorphisms in the Delta Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRD1) and Drug Addiction: Candidate Genes, Transgenic Mouse Models, and Genome-Wide Association Studies

Chapter 18. Drug Addictions and Genetics of the Dopamine Pathway

Chapter 19. In Silico Chemogenomics Knowledgebase and Computational System Neuropharmacology Approach for Cannabinoid Drug Research

Chapter 20. Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide and Drug Addiction

Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects

Chapter 21. The Cerebellar Landscape of Drug Addiction

Chapter 22. Movement Dysfunction as a Neuropathology of Illicit Stimulant Abuse

Chapter 23. Left Hemispheric “Imbalance? in Drug Addiction

Chapter 24. Co-occurence of Substance Use and Personality Disorders: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, and Treatment

Chapter 25. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Pharmacological Aspects

Chapter 26. Comorbidity between Substance Use Disorder and Severe Mental Illness: Dual Diagnosis

Part II. Prescription Medications: Depressants

Section A. General Aspects

Chapter 27. Lormetazepam Addiction

Chapter 28. Prescribing and Dispensing of Benzodiazepines: Implications for Dependence and Misuse

Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Chapter 29. Bidirectional Plasticity of Hippocampal Glutamate Receptors Is Central to Expression of Benzodiazepine Withdrawal-Anxiety

Chapter 30. Effect of Chronic Benzodiazepine Exposure on GABAA Receptors: Regulation of GABA/Benzodiazepine Site Interactions

Chapter 31. The K+-Cl? Cotransporter KCC2 and Zolpidem

Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects

Chapter 32. Benzodiazepine Misuse and Addiction. Risk Factors and Adverse Behavioral Aspects

Chapter 33. Benzodiazepines, Age-Related Pharmacological Changes, and Risk of Falls in Older Adults

Chapter 34. The Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata in Sedative-Hypnotic Withdrawal

Section D. Methods

Chapter 35. Assays for Benzodiazepines

Part III. Opioids and Morphine Derivatives

Section A. General Aspects

Chapter 36. Weak Opioid Analgesics Abuse and Addiction: A Comparison of the Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology of Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, and Tramadol

Chapter 37. Maternal Codeine and Its Effect on the Fetus and Neonate: A Focus on Pharmacogenomics, Neuropathology, and Withdrawal

Chapter 38. Methadone Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes: An Overview

Chapter 39. Tramadol, Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes

Chapter 40. Tramadol Abuse in the Elderly

Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Chapter 41. Oligodendrocyte Responses, Myelination, and Opioid Addiction Treatments

Chapter 42. Opioids and TRPV1 Receptors

Chapter 43. Opioids and Serotonin Syndrome: An Example with Tramadol

Chapter 44. Opioid Dependence and the Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP Signaling

Chapter 45. Central Nervous System Penetration of the Opioid Oxycodone

Chapter 46. Opioid Modulation of Voltage-Gated Calcium Currents

Chapter 47. The Neonatal Brain and Opioids

Chapter 48. Contribution of Spinal Cord mTORC1 to Chronic Opioid Tolerance and Hyperalgesia

Chapter 49. Interaction of Codeine with DNA

Chapter 50. Fentanyl and Its Impact on Cell Functions

Chapter 51. Morphine and Trafficking of a Mu Opioid Receptor Interacting Protein WLS

Chapter 52. Fas, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 Protein and Morphine Addiction

Chapter 53. An Overview on Methadone-Intoxicated Patients

Chapter 54. Genetic Polymorphisms on OPRM1 Involved in Multiple Responses of a Methadone Maintenance Population: Relationships with Insomnia, Libido, Smoking, and Chemokines

Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects

Chapter 55. Modulation of Opioid Analgesic Reward by Inflammatory Agents

Chapter 56. Suicidal Behavior and Prescription Opioid Medication

Chapter 57. Codeine and Psychomotor Activity

Chapter 58. Neurobehavior of Neonates Born to Mothers Receiving Opioid Maintenance Treatment: Methadone and Buprenorphine

Chapter 59. Prenatal Methadone and Behavioral Sensitization Induced by Methamphetamine

Chapter 60. Treatments for Opioid Dependence and Methadone: Neurological and Behavioral Aspects

Chapter 61. Cognitive Functioning in Methadone Use

Chapter 62. Sleep Disturbances in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) Patients

Section D. Methods

Chapter 63. The Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse: Assays for Fentanyl

Chapter 64. Assays for Tramadol and Its Metabolites

Part IV. Stimulants and Other Compounds

Section A. General Aspects

Chapter 65. Methylphenidate Abuse: An Overview

Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Chapter 66. The Impact of Methylphenidate on Circadian Rhythms and Clock Gene Expression

Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects

Chapter 67. The Characteristics of Acute and Chronic Methylphenidate, Dose, and Route on Female and Male Animal Behavior

Chapter 68. Methylphenidate and Cognitive Performance

Chapter 69. Methylphenidate and Suicide

Chapter 70. The Effect of Methylphenidate on the Ventral Tegmental Area in Adolescent and Adult Animals

Chapter 71. Dextromethorphan and Dextrorphan as Heuristic Rapid-Acting, Conventional, and Treatment-Resistant Antidepressants, with Substance Abuse Considerations

Part V. Caffeine and Areca (Betal Nut)

Section A. General Aspects

Chapter 72. Caffeine and Taurine and Energy Drink Abuse

Chapter 73. General Aspects of Areca Nut Addiction

Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects

Chapter 74. Caffeine, Adenosine A1 Receptors, and Brain Cortex. Molecular Aspects

Chapter 75. Caffeine and the Developing Brain: Molecular and Cellular Effects

Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects

Chapter 76. Effects of Caffeine and Its Cortical Response Studied by Functional Brain Imaging

Chapter 77. Neurobehavioral Aspects of Caffeine

Chapter 78. Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use

Chapter 79. Areca Alkaloids and Schizophrenia

Chapter 80. Attentional Biases for Betel Nut Cues

Section D. Methods

Chapter 81. Quantitative Measurement of Caffeine by Optical Methods

Chapter 82. Betel Quid Dependence Scale

Part VI. Dual and Polydrug Abuse

Chapter 83. Types of Polydrug Usage

Chapter 84. Polypharmacy of Potentially Addictive Medications and the Elderly

Chapter 85. New Insight into Alcohol and Nicotine Addiction: Neurobiological Findings and Therapeutical Perspectives

Chapter 86. Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging and Cognition in Polysubstance Users

Chapter 87. Neuropathological Studies in Polydrug Abusers

Part VII. Emerging Addictions and Drugs of Abuse

Chapter 88. Novel Drugs of Abuse: Cannabinoids, Stimulants, and Hallucinogens

Chapter 89. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use, Addiction Potential, and Legal Status

Chapter 90. Methylxanthines and Drug Dependence: Interactions and Toxicity

Chapter 91. The Neuropathology of Movement Disorders in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and Methcathinone (Ephedrone) Addictions

Chapter 92. 25C-NBOMe as a New Hallucinogen

Chapter 93. Pregabalin Abuse and Addiction

Part VIII. Non-Drug Addictions as Comparative Neuropathology

Chapter 94. Internet Gaming Disorder

Chapter 95. The Neuropathology of Internet Addiction

Chapter 96. Workaholism: An Addiction to Work

Chapter 97. Exercise Addiction

Chapter 98. Compulsive Buying—Features and Characteristics of Addiction

Chapter 99. Food Addiction: Applying Substance Use Disorder Criteria and Characteristics to Identify Instances of Addictive-Like Eating

Chapter 100. Bulimia Nervosa as an Addiction

Chapter 101. Gambling Disorders: A Focus on Genetic Aspects