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Microgrids Including Hybrid Resources
Protection and Stability
Majid Sanaye-Pasand (Author), Reza Bekhradian (Author)
9781394278589, Wiley
Hardback, published 29 June 2026
432 pages
22.9 x 15.2 x 2.7 cm, 0.716 kg
Comprehensive guide to protecting and stabilizing modern microgrids In Microgrids Including Hybrid Resources, the authors deliver a comprehensive examination of protection and stability challenges facing modern microgrids. The book addresses synchronous-based, inverter-based, and hybrid microgrids through both analytical and simulation-based investigations, providing practical solutions that system engineers and microgrid owners can implement to enhance reliability and maximize operational efficiency. The authors draw on around 30 years of combined teaching, research, and industry experience to present innovative solutions for contemporary microgrid challenges. The book includes practical case studies, examples, and simulations to enhance the learning experience. Readers will also find: Perfect for academic researchers, undergraduate, and postgraduate students, and Ph.D. candidates studying microgrids, smart grids, and power systems protection, Microgrids Including Hybrid Resources: Protection and Stability will also benefit power system engineers, technology developers, and educators seeking comprehensive coverage of modern microgrid challenges.
About the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix List of Abbreviations xxi Nomenclatures xxv About the Companion Website xxxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Distributed Generations Technologies 2 1.2.1 Solar Radiation Energy 2 1.2.2 Wind Energy 10 1.2.3 Geothermal Energy 14 1.2.4 Biomass Gasification 15 1.2.5 Hydropower 16 1.2.6 Reciprocating Engines 17 1.2.7 Gas Turbine 18 1.2.8 Comparing Various Technologies 19 1.3 Small-Scale SGs 21 1.3.1 Fundamentals 21 1.3.2 Excitation System 22 1.3.2.1 Permanent Magnet Generator 23 1.3.2.2 Shunt Excitation 24 1.3.2.3 Internally Excited 26 1.3.2.4 Dynamic Model 26 1.3.3 Prime Mover 27 1.3.3.1 Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 27 1.3.3.2 Gas Turbine 28 1.3.4 SSSG Package Model 28 1.4 Microgrid Structure 29 1.4.1 Control System 31 1.4.2 Protection System 32 1.5 Hosting Capacity 34 1.6 Summary 36 Problems 36 References 38 2 Stability of Synchronous Generator-Based Microgrids: Fundamentals, Classification, and Assessment 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Control System of SGBMGs 45 2.2.1 Overview of SGBMG Control System 46 2.2.2 Steady-State Operation 48 2.2.2.1 Voltage/Reactive Power Control Loop 48 2.2.2.2 Frequency/Active Power Control Mode 54 2.2.3 Transient Abnormal Conditions 56 2.2.3.1 Voltage Disturbance Ride-Through 57 2.2.3.2 Frequency Disturbance Ride-Through 60 2.3 SGBMG Stability Classification 61 2.3.1 Control System Stability 61 2.3.1.1 Poorly Tuned Controllers 61 2.3.1.2 Miscoordination 66 2.3.2 Power Supply Stability 68 2.3.2.1 Voltage Stability 68 2.3.2.2 Frequency Stability 83 2.3.2.3 Transient Stability 85 2.4 SGBMG Stability Assessment 89 2.4.1 Large Disturbances 89 2.4.1.1 Equal-Area Criterion Technique 89 2.4.1.2 Lyapunov Technique 94 2.4.1.3 Simulation-Based Techniques 101 2.4.2 Small-Signal Disturbances 102 2.5 Stability Enhancement 112 2.5.1 Transient Stability Prediction 112 2.5.2 IM Instability Detection 114 2.5.3 Using Proper Control Strategies 116 2.6 Summary 119 Problems 120 References 121 3 Stability of Inverter-Based Microgrids: Fundamentals, Classification, and Assessment 125 3.1 Introduction 125 3.2 Control System of IBMGs 126 3.2.1 Grid-Following Strategy 126 3.2.1.1 Phase-Locked Loop 128 3.2.1.2 Power Control Loop 129 3.2.1.3 Current Control Loop 137 3.2.2 Grid-Forming Strategy 139 3.2.2.1 Power Controller 140 3.2.2.2 Voltage and Current Controllers 143 3.3 Stability of IBMGs 143 3.3.1 Transient Stability 145 3.3.1.1 GFL-IBDGs 145 3.3.1.2 GFM-IBDGs 150 3.3.1.3 Energy Function Models for Transient Stability Assessment 161 3.3.2 Small-Signal Stability 167 3.3.2.1 Power Controller Loop 168 3.3.2.2 Current Controller Loop 169 3.3.2.3 Phase-Locked Loop 169 3.3.2.4 Complete Linearized Model 171 3.3.2.5 Small-Signal Stability for the High-Frequency Band 171 3.3.2.6 Small-Signal Stability for the Low-Frequency Band 173 3.4 PLL-Less Structure 175 3.5 Voltage Disturbance Ride-Through 176 3.5.1 FIDVR Mitigation Using IBDGs 180 3.6 Influence of IBDG on Adjacent SSSG Transient Stability 185 3.7 Summary 190 Problems 191 References 192 4 Microgrid Protection System Challenges 197 4.1 Introduction 197 4.2 Protection Configuration of MGs 198 4.2.1 Collector System Protection 198 4.2.1.1 Feeder Protection 199 4.2.1.2 Transformer Protection 209 4.2.2 SSSG Protection 210 4.2.2.1 LOF Function 211 4.2.2.2 Backup Protection 212 4.2.2.3 Reverse Power Protection 215 4.2.3 IBDG Protection 216 4.2.4 PCC Protection 216 4.2.5 Load-Shedding Protection 217 4.3 Microgrid Protection Challenges 220 4.3.1 Feeder Protection 220 4.3.1.1 Sympathetic Tripping 220 4.3.2 False Operation of Fault Indicators 234 4.3.3 Recloser Issues 235 4.3.4 Load-Shedding Relay Problems 237 4.3.5 SSSG Protection Challenges 239 4.3.5.1 LOF Protection 239 4.3.5.2 Backup Protection of SSSG 242 4.3.6 IBDG Protection Challenges 260 4.4 Summary 262 Problems 263 References 270 5 Microgrid Islanding Detection Challenges and Solutions 273 5.1 Introduction 273 5.2 Proper Indices for Performance Evaluation of IDSs 275 5.2.1 Nondetection Zone 275 5.2.1.1 SGBMG 276 5.2.1.2 IBMG 286 5.2.2 Islanding Detection Time 294 5.2.3 False Detection Ratio 294 5.2.4 Nondetection Index 295 5.2.5 Unsymmetrical Islanding 296 5.3 Islanding Detection Methods 297 5.3.1 Remote Methods 297 5.3.2 Local Methods 299 5.4 Active Islanding Detection Methods 299 5.4.1 Active Frequency Drift 301 5.4.2 Sandia Frequency Shift 303 5.4.3 Slip-Mode Frequency Shift 304 5.4.4 Sandia Voltage Shift 305 5.4.5 Open-Close of the SSSG Breaker 306 5.4.6 Injecting Perturbations into the SSSG Active/Reactive Power Control Loops 307 5.4.7 RL Load Switching 307 5.5 Passive Islanding Detection Methods 307 5.5.1 Setting Rules for Adjusting Conventional Relays 308 5.5.2 Monitoring Proper Indices 308 5.5.3 Feature Extraction and Signal Processing Methods 313 5.5.4 Intelligent Techniques 317 5.5.5 Comparison of Different Methods 320 5.6 Ideas for the Future Works 322 5.6.1 Integrated Central Islanding Detection 322 5.6.2 Using Adaptive Thresholds 323 5.6.3 Using Negative-Sequence Current 323 5.6.4 Combined Application of Signal Processing Techniques 323 5.6.5 Utilizing the Neutral Current 323 5.6.6 Using Off-line Studies to Adjust the Time Delay Setting 324 5.6.7 Using Proper Control Strategy 324 5.6.8 Probabilistic Approach for Adjustment of IDS Settings 325 5.7 Summary 325 Problems 326 References 328 6 Solutions for Microgrid Protection and Stability Enhancement 337 6.1 Introduction 337 6.2 Feeder Protection Solutions 337 6.2.1 Rules for Proper Setting Adjustment 339 6.2.1.1 Phase Overcurrent Protection 339 6.2.1.2 Earth Fault Protection 349 6.2.2 Solutions for Sympathetic Tripping 351 6.2.2.1 DG Back-Feed 351 6.2.2.2 Protection Sensitivity and Loss of Coordination 354 6.2.2.3 Fault-Induced Delayed Voltage Recovery 362 6.3 DG Protection Solutions to Improve System Stability 365 6.3.1 Transient Stability 365 6.3.1.1 Using Piecewise Characteristics for Overcurrent Relays 366 6.3.1.2 Adaptive Load-Shedding 368 6.3.2 Loss of Field Protection 373 6.3.2.1 SSSG Behavior During LOF Events 373 6.3.2.2 Preserving SSSG Synchronism During LOF Event 377 6.3.2.3 Preventing Motor Stalling During LOF Event 379 6.3.2.4 Algorithm Flowchart 379 6.4 Summary 382 Problems 382 References 384 Index 387
Subject Areas: Electronics & communications engineering [TJ]
