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Metropolitan Sustainability
Understanding and Improving the Urban Environment
F Zeman (Edited by)
9780857090461, Elsevier Science
Hardback, published 11 September 2012
776 pages
23.3 x 15.6 x 3.9 cm, 1.31 kg
Global populations have grown rapidly in recent decades, leading to ever increasing demands for shelter, resources, energy and utilities. Coupled with the worldwide need to achieve lower impact buildings and conservation of resources, the need to achieve sustainability in urban environments has never been more acute. This book critically reviews the fundamental issues and applied science, engineering and technology that will enable all cities to achieve a greater level of metropolitan sustainability, and assist nations in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations.Part one introduces key issues related to metropolitan sustainability, including the use of both urban metabolism and benefit cost analysis. Part two focuses on urban land use and the environmental impact of the built environment. The urban heat island effect, redevelopment of brownfield sites and urban agriculture are discussed in depth, before part three goes on to explore urban air pollution and emissions control. Urban water resources, reuse and management are explored in part four, followed by a study of urban energy supply and management in part five. Solar, wind and bioenergy, the role of waste-to-energy systems in the urban infrastructure, and smart energy for cities are investigated. Finally, part six considers sustainable urban development, transport and planning.With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, Metropolitan sustainability is an essential resource for low-impact building engineers, sustainability consultants and architects, town and city planners, local/municipal authorities, and national and non-governmental bodies, and provides a thorough overview for academics of all levels in this field.
Contributor contact details Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy Introduction Part I: Metropolitan sustainability: an introduction Chapter 1: A living city: using urban metabolism analysis to view cities as life forms Abstract: 1.1 Introduction: urban metabolism (UM), or urban energy systems 1.2 Divergent measuring approaches in UM analysis 1.3 UM studies 1.4 Understanding cities through UM 1.5 Directions for planning and policy 1.6 Future trends Chapter 2: Benefit cost analysis for environmental decision making: using discounting to compare benefits and costs that occur at different points in time Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The rationale for discounting 2.3 A framework for intertemporal discounting 2.4 Discounting for climate change 2.5 Enhancing and improving net present value 2.6 Acknowledgement Chapter 3: Quantifying sustainability: industrial ecology, materials flow and life cycle analysis Abstract: 3.1 Introduction to industrial ecology 3.2 Materials flow analysis (MFA) 3.3 Life cycle analysis (LCA) 3.4 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 4: Separation of mixtures: fundamentals and technologies Abstract: 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Characterization of separation processes 4.3 Balance equations 4.4 Preliminary separation process calculations 4.5 Multi-stage separations 4.6 Filtration 4.7 Conclusions and sources of further information 4.8 Acknowledgement 4.10 Appendix: Algorithm for solving equations 4.4, 4.9 and 4.10 Part II: Earth: urban land use and the environmental impact of the built environment Chapter 5: The urban heat island effect: causes and potential solutions Abstract: 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic causes and remedies 5.3 Solutions and benefit assessment 5.4 The urban heat island mitigation impact screening tool (MIST) 5.5 Conclusions Chapter 6: Redevelopment of brownfield sites Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Management practices aimed at remediating and redeveloping brownfields 6.3 Sustainability outcomes of brownfield redevelopment 6.4 Case studies 6.5 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 7: Urban agriculture: opportunities and constraints Abstract: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Site availability for urban agriculture 7.3 Crops and yields 7.4 Food security 7.5 Demands on and benefits for urban water infrastructure 7.6 Benefits for urban energy infrastructure 7.7 Waste and composting Chapter 8: Redevelopment of brownfield sitesBuilding-integrated agriculture: a new approach to food production Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ecological performance of building-integrated agriculture (BIA) 8.3 Community impact of BIA 8.4 Other forms of urban agriculture 8.5 Case studies 8.6 Sustainability challenges and future trends 8.7 Sources of further information and advice Part III: Wind: urban air pollution and emissions control Chapter 9: Metropolitan effects on atmospheric patterns: important scales Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over metropolitan areas 9.3 Local-versus regional-scale effects of urbanization on atmospheric patterns 9.4 Interplay between metropolitan and global climate effects 9.5 Conclusions and future trends 9.6 Sources of further information and advice 9.7 Acknowledgements Chapter 10: The science of smog: a chemical understanding of ground level ozone and fine particulate matter Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ground level ozone chemistry 10.3 Fine particulate matter chemistry 10.4 Challenges facing smog control 10.5 Megacity smog: examples from Beijing and Mexico City 10.6 Summary and future trends 10.7 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 11: Air pollution in the urban atmosphere: sources and consequences Abstract: 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Categories of pollutants 11.3 Sources of air pollution 11.4 Environmental and human health effects 11.5 Future trends and sustainability challenges 11.6 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 12: Controlling emissions of pollutants in urban areas Abstract: 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Mobile sources of pollution 12.3 Reducing pollution from mobile sources 12.4 Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) from stationary sources and their control 12.5 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) reduction from stationary sources 12.6 Sulfur oxides (SOx) and particulate matter (PM) removal from coal-fired power plants 12.7 Sustainability challenges and future trends Chapter 13: Passive systems to improve air quality and reduce heat retention in the urban environment Abstract: 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Photocatalytic materials 13.3 Current research into TiO2-based building materials 13.4 Urban vegetation 13.5 Sustainability challenges and future trends 13.6 Sources of further information and advice Part IV: Water: urban water resources, reuse and managemen Chapter 14: Integrated urban water management: water use and reuse Abstract: 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Alternative urban water sources and water quality considerations 14.3 Treatment and infrastructure considerations for harvested rainwater and stormwater runoff 14.4 Treatment and infrastructure considerations for water reuse 14.5 Sustainability challenges 14.6 Future trends Chapter 15: Rainwater harvesting: using urban roof runoff for residential toilet flushing Abstract: 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Analysis of roof runoff harvesting systems for flushing toilets in different cities 15.3 Results of the analysis 15.4 Discussion of factors influencing rainwater harvesting system performance 15.5 Conclusions Chapter 16: Urban water supply: modeling watersheds and treatment facilities Abstract: 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Systems analysis of urban water infrastructure 16.3 Prospects for future urban water supply 16.4 Energy use in the water industry Chapter 17: Water and wastewater treatment: chemical processes Abstract: 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Chemical treatment of water and wastewater 17.3 Considerations in plant design 17.4 Challenges and future trends 17.5 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 18: Water and wastewater treatment: biological processes Abstract: 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Biological treatment options for wastewater 18.3 Biological treatment options for water 18.4 Issues with environmental residuals 18.5 Sustainability challenges and future trends Part V: Fire: urban energy supply and management Chapter 19: Solar energy in the built environment: powering the sustainable city Abstract: 19.1 Introduction: the potential of solar energy 19.2 Solar energy in metropolitan areas 19.3 Solar energy on the building scale 19.4 Photovoltaic solar systems 19.5 Solar thermal systems 19.6 Biological solar systems 19.7 Incentives for solar energy projects Chapter 20: Wind energy in the built environment Abstract: 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Wind energy basics 20.3 Wind flow in metropolitan areas 20.4 Wind power technologies 20.4.1 Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) 20.4.2 Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) 20.4.3 Building-integrated wind turbines 20.4.4 Large horizontal axis wind turbines 20.4.5 State of the market for small urban wind turbines 20.4.6 Rooftop wind turbine performance 20.5 Important considerations for urban wind energy 20.6 Conclusions and future trends 20.7 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 21: The role of waste-to-energy in urban infrastructure Abstract: 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Characterization of urban wastes 21.3 Hierarchy of waste management 21.4 Effect of global waste management on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 21.5 Thermal treatment of post-recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW) 21.6 Economic aspects of urban waste management 21.7 Examples of cities approaching sustainable waste management Chapter 22: Smart energy for cities: decentralized supply resources and their link to the modern grid Abstract: 22.1 An introduction to decentralized energy 22.2 Costs and benefits of decentralized energy supply systems 22.3 Decentralized technologies for supplying power and thermal energy 22.4 A smarter electric grid 22.5 An alternative view for our future urban energy system 22.6 Conclusions and future trends 22.7 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 23: Bioenergy for the urban environment Abstract: 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Conversion technologies: biomass to heat, power and transportation fuels 23.3 Tools for modelling biomass availability 23.4 Ensuring bioenergy sustainability 23.5 Future trends 23.6 Acknowledgements Part VI: Sustainable urban development, transport and planning Chapter 24: Planning for more sustainable urban development Abstract: 24.1 Introduction 24.2 The nature of urban planning 24.3 Key aspects of urban sustainability planning 24.4 The challenge of public participation 24.5 Future trends 24.6 Conclusions 24.7 Sources of further information and advice Chapter 25: Sustainable urban transport planning Abstract: 25.1 Sustainable urban mobility and land use 25.2 Transport choices in urban areas 25.3 From car ownership to mobility services: new approaches in transportation 25.4 Smart growth: linking land use planning and mobility 25.5 Recommendations for urban transportation Chapter 26: The psychological needs of city dwellers: implications for sustainable urban planning Abstract: 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Individual differences in city dwellers’ needs 26.3 The need for quiet, unpolluted, natural and aesthetically pleasing areas 26.4 The need for security 26.5 The need for social interaction 26.6 Conclusions Chapter 27: Possible futures for sustainable building design Abstract: 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Reconsidering building systems relationships to facilitate sustainable building design 27.3 Three approaches to sustainable design and corresponding case studies 27.4 Conclusions Chapter 28: Moving toward urban sustainability: using lessons and legacies of the past Abstract: 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Crisis, transition and transformation in urban development 28.3 Environmental crises and transitions in New York City 28.4 Conclusions Chapter 29: A vision of suburban sustainability: the Long Island Radically Rezoned project Abstract: 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The inherent efficiency of cities 29.3 The new model of sustainability 29.4 Case study: Long Island Radically Rezoned – a regenerative vision for a living island Index
Subject Areas: Sustainable agriculture [TVF], Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology [THX], Energy conversion & storage [THRH], Materials science [TGM], The environment [RN], Insects [entomology PSVT7]
