Judging under Constraint
The Politics of Deference by International Courts

This book examines the variation of deference by international courts and argues that political constraints shape their decision.

Theresa Squatrito (Author)

9781009607612, Cambridge University Press

Hardback, published 13 November 2025

376 pages
22.9 x 15.2 x 2.2 cm, 0.718 kg

As international courts have risen in prominence, policymakers, practitioners and scholars observe variation in judicial deference. Sometimes international courts defer, whereby they accept a state's exercise of authority, and other times not. Differences can be seen in case outcomes, legal interpretation and reasoning, and remedial orders. How can we explain variation in deference? This book examines deference by international courts, offering a novel theoretical account. It argues that deference is explained by a court's strategic space, which is structured by formal independence, seen as a dimension of institutional design, and state preferences. An empirical analysis built on original data of the East African Court of Justice, Caribbean Court of Justice, and African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights demonstrates that robust safeguards to independence and politically fragmented memberships lend legitimacy to courts and make collective state resistance infeasible, combining to minimize deference. Persuasive argumentation and public legitimation also enable nondeference. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core

1. Introduction
2. Judicial deference and the strategic space of international courts
3. Formal independence of international courts
4. The East African court of justice: pervasive constraints and substantial deference
5. The Caribbean court of justice: intermediate constraints and moderate deference
6. The African court of human and peoples' rights: subtle constraints and minimal deference
7. Conclusion
Appendix
References.

Subject Areas: United Nations & UN agencies [JPSN1]