1 Introduction 1

1.1 Scope of the Book 1

1.2 IP for 3G 2

1.2.1 Ip 2

1.2.2 3g 3

1.2.3 IP for 3G 4

1.3 Engineering Reasons for ‘IP for 3G’ 5

1.3.1 IP Design Principles 5

1.3.2 Benefits of the IP approach 7

1.3.3 Weaknesses of the IP approach 7

1.4 Economic Reasons for ‘IP for 3G’ 9

1.4.1 3G Business Case 9

1.4.2 Impact of ‘IP for 3G’ on Business Case 15

1.5 Conclusion 17

1.6 References 19

2 An Introduction to 3G Networks 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Mobile Standards 22

2.2.1 Who’s who in 3G Standards 23

2.3 History of 3G 25

2.3.1 Pre-1996 The Research Trimester 26

2.3.2 1996-1998 The IMT 2000 Trimester 28

2.3.3 1998 Onwards The Standardisation Trimester 30

2.4 Spectrum The ‘Fuel’ of Mobile Systems 31

2.5 UMTS Network Overview 33

2.6 UMTS Network Details 37

2.6.1 UMTS Architecture - Introducing the Major Network Elements and their Relationships 38

2.6.2 UMTS Security 40

2.6.3 UMTS Communication Management 43

2.6.4 UMTS QoS 46

2.6.5 UMTS Mobility Management 47

2.6.6 UMTS Core Network Transport 49

2.6.7 Signalling in the UMTS Core Network 52

2.7 UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 53

2.7.1 The W-CDMA Air Interface and U u Interface 54

2.7.2 UTRAN Mobility Management 56

2.7.3 UTRAN Transport 59

2.7.4 UTRAN QoS 61

2.7.5 UTRAN Signalling 63

2.8 cdma2000 Packet Core Network 63

2.9 Conclusion 66

2.10 References 67

2.11 Further reading 68

3 An Introduction to IP Networks 71

3.1 Introduction 71

3.2 A Brief History of IP 72

3.3 IP Standardisation Process 74

3.4 IP Design Principles 77

3.4.1 Connectivity 77

3.4.2 The End-to-end Principle 81

3.4.3 Layering and Modularity 83

3.4.4 Discussion 87

3.5 Making the Internet Work 91

3.5.1 Link Layer 92

3.5.2 Inter-networking Layer 95

3.5.3 Transport Layer 105

3.5.4 Application Layer 105

3.6 Security 107

3.6.1 Basic Security Techniques 108

3.6.2 Security for e-commerce 112

3.6.3 Network Protection 113

3.6.4 Discussion 116

3.7 The Future 117

3.8 Further reading 117

4 Multimedia Service Support and Session Management 121

4.1 Introduction 121

4.2 Session Management 122

4.2.1 What is a Session? 122

4.2.2 Functions of Session Management Protocols 122

4.2.3 Summary 123

4.3 Current Status 124

4.3.1 Session Management 124

4.3.2 VHE Concept 126

4.4 Session Initiation Protocols 128

4.4.1 H. 323 128

4.4.2 Sip 129

4.4.3 Session Initiation for 3G 129

4.5 SIP in Detail 129

4.5.1 Basic Operation of SIP 129

4.5.2 SIP and User Location 131

4.5.3 Characteristics of SIP 133

4.6 SIP in Use 134

4.6.1 Connectivity IP and Telephony 134

4.6.2 SIP Supported Services 135

4.7 Conclusions 137

4.7.1 Sip 137

4.7.2 Vhe 139

4.8 Further reading 140

5IP Mobility 143

5.1 Scope 143

5.2 Introduction - What is IP Mobility? 144

5.2.1 Personaland TerminalMobility 144

5.2.2 The Problem of IP Mobility 145

5.2.3 Locators vs. Identifiers 147

5.3 SIP - A Protocolfor PersonalMobility 149

5.4 Introduction to TerminalMobility 150

5.4.1 Macromobility vs. Micromobility 150

5.5 Mobile IP - A Solution for Terminal Macromobility 152

5.5.1 Outline of Mobile IP 152

5.5.2 Mobile IPv 4 153

5.5.3 Mobile IPv 6 155

5.5.4 Relationship of SIP and Mobile IP 157

5.6 TerminalMicromobility 158

5.6.1 Introduction 158

5.6.2 Mobile IP-based Protocols 160

5.6.3 Per-host Forwarding Protocols 168

5.7 Comparison of Micromobility Protocols 176

5.7.1 Operation 176

5.7.2 Architecture 178

5.7.3 Scalability 181

5.7.4 Reliability 184

5.7.5 Philosophy 186

5.8 Other Aspects of TerminalMobility 188

5.8.1 Context (or State) Transfer 189

5.8.2 Paging and Dormant Mode Management 191

5.8.3 A Brief Word on Security for Mobility Management 193

5.9 Conclusions 194

5.10 Further reading 196

6 Quality of Service 201

6.1 Introduction 201

6.1.1 What is QoS? 201

6.1.2 Why is QoS hard? 203

6.1.3 Contents of this Chapter 203

6.2 Current IP QoS Mechanisms 204

6.2.1 Tcp 204

6.2.2 Random Early Detect and Explicit Congestion Notification 209

6.2.3 Rtp 209

6.2.4 Conclusions 212

6.3 Key Elements of a QoS Mechanism 213

6.3.1 Functionality Required of the Network to Support QoS 213

6.3.2 Interaction with the Wireless Link Layer 214

6.3.3 Mechanisms to Provide Network QoS 217

6.3.4 Signalling Techniques 219

6.3.5 Admission Control 221

6.4 Proposed Internet QoS Mechanisms 228

6.4.1 IntServ 228

6.4.2 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 229

6.4.3 DiffServ 230

6.4.4 Issll 231

6.4.5 Rsvp 232

6.4.6 Summary 236

6.5 IP QoS for 3G - A Possible Solution 236

6.5.1 Overall Architecture 237

6.5.2 Bounded Delay Differentiated Service 239

6.5.3 Mobility Management 241

6.5.4 Signalling 242

6.5.5 Discussion 243

6.6 Conclusions 245

6.7 Further reading 246

7 IP for 3G 249

7.1 Introduction 249

7.2 Designing an All-IP Network 250

7.2.1 Principles 250

7.2.2 Overall Architecture 251

7.2.3 Routing and Mobility 252

7.2.4 Quality of Service 254

7.2.5 Security 255

7.2.6 Interfaces 255

7.2.7 An Answer 256

7.3 Advantages of an All-IP Network 257

7.4 3G Network Evolution 260

7.4.1 UMTS R4 All IP Transport 260

7.4.2 UMTS R5 IP Call Control and Signalling 262

7.4.3 Is R4/5 Worthy of the Term ‘all IP’? 267

7.4.4 CDMA2000 Evolution 268

7.5 UMTS Beyond R 5 268

7.6 Wireless LANs 270

7.7 Fourth Generation Mobile 271

7.7.1 4G is a Continuation from 1G ! 2G ! 3G - The System View 272

7.7.2 4G is a Network of Networks (IP) - The Network View 273

7.7.3 4G is User-driven 274

7.8 Further reading 275

Abbreviations 279

Index 287