List of Illustrations x

List of Tables xvii

List of Boxes xviii

About the Authors xix

Acknowledgements xx

About the Companion Website xxii

Part I Foundations 1

1 Cities as places and spaces 2

Cities as places 6

Box 1.1 Studying the city 7

Identity, community, and security 10

Places as the site of our identity 10

Places as the site of community 11

Places as sites of security 13

Human beings make and remake places 13

Box 1.2 Planning and building the city 16

Place and space 17

Box 1.3 Making the city better 20

Cities shape the fates of human beings 21

Cities reflect changes in the contexts around them 22

2 Social theories of urban space and place: The early perspectives 26

The social and theoretical roots of modern urban theory 27

Box 2.1 Studying the city 29

Early European Theories: Tönnies and Simmel 30

Ferdinand Tönnies: Community and society 30

Box 2.2 Planning and building the city 31

Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life 32

The Chicago School of Sociology 34

The city as social space 35

The city as concentric zones 36

Assessing concentric zone theory 38

Human ecology 38

Life in the city as a way of life 40

Box 2.3 Making the city better 42

W.E.B. DuBois and the importance of race in the city 43

Evaluating early social theories of urban life 45

3 Social theories of urban space and place: Contemporary perspectives 49

A break with the past 50

Theoretical descendants of Marx 50

Manuel Castells and the urban question 50

David Harvey: Injustice and inequality in the city 51

Box 3.1 Making the city better 52

John Logan and Harvey Molotch: The city as a growth machine 54

Further reflections: Marx and the critique of modern cities 55

The return to place and the turn to culture 56

Jane Jacobs and the discovery of community in the modern metropolis 56

Box 3.2 Studying the city 57

Sharon Zukin and the turn to culture and consumption 59

From spaces of production to spaces of consumption 61

Going global 63

The rise of the global city and its metamorphosis 63

Box 3.3 Planning and building the city 65

A turn to the Global South and East 67

Evaluating theories of the city 68

4 Methods and rules for the study of cities 73

Validity and reliability in the study of cities 74

Box 4.1 Studying the city 77

Cities and the question of numbers 78

The city as a case study 79

The city as a stereotypical or prototypical case 80

Ethnographic and historical case studies 84

Box 4.2 Studying the city 85

Urban analytics 87

Box 4.3 Studying the city 90

From one to multiple cases 91

Theory, methods, and insights 92

Part II The Development of Urban Spaces and Places 97

5 Cities as dynamic spaces 98

Cities as dynamic spaces 99

Remaking the metropolis 99

Planning and metropolitan development 102

Box 5.1 Planning and building the city 105

Toward a postindustrial metropolis 106

Deindustrialization and urban transformation 106

The origins and impacts of global competition 107

The implications of deindustrialization for place and space 109

A changing urban landscape and hierarchy? 110

Los Angeles: The prototype of the postwar metropolis 111

Box 5.2 Studying the city 115

The metropolis’s increasing scale and complexity 116

Infrastructure and technology as new codrivers of city- making 118

Box 5.3 Making the city better 120

Making sense of the changing metropolis 121

6 Housing and neighborhoods 126

Housing and neighborhoods in urban places 127

Housing, home, and neighborhood: Fundamental concepts 127

Housing across time and space 129

Box 6.1 Planning and building cities 129

Housing in the early industrial city 130

Suburban expansion 132

Housing and neighborhoods in context: Policy and markets 136

The politics of housing policies 136

The implications of planning and zoning for housing and neighborhoods 137

Privatization and gated communities 139

Planning, policy, and discrimination in the United States 140

Markets and financial contexts 142

Housing for all: Challenges and solutions 144

Box 6.2 Making the city better 145

Housing instability and homelessness 145

Box 6.3 Studying the city 147

Part III Power and Inequality in Cities 157

7 Difference and inequality in urban places 158

How difference and inequality matter 159

Racial segregation and inequality 159

Box 7.1 Studying the city 161

Origins of segregation in the US 163

Social class and place 165

Social class in the industrial metropolis 165

Gentrification and the remaking of the metropolis 166

New dimensions of gentrification 169

Place and the distribution of opportunity 170

Gender and sexuality in the metropolis 174

Gender and place 174

LGBT+ neighborhoods 175

Box 7.2 Making the city better 176

Difference, inequality, and place 179

Box 7.3 Planning and building the city 180

8 Migration’s impact on cities 187

Migration in context 189

Migration to the United States and Canada 189

Migration to and within Europe 192

China’s unprecedented migration 194

Sociological approaches to cities and migration 196

Immigrant assimilation: The influence of the Chicago School 196

Box 8.1 Studying the city 197

Ethnic enclaves: Places created by and for immigrants 199

Ethnic enclaves across time and place: Case studies 201

Five Points, New York City 202

Pilsen/Little Village, Chicago 204

Baishizhou, Shenzhen 206

Changing immigrant gateways 207

Box 8.2 Planning and building the city 208

Box 8.3 Making the city better 210

Urban migration in a shifting political context 212

9 Power, authority, and conflict in cities 220

The institutional contexts of power and authority 221

States and markets 221

The global economy and neoliberalism 222

Cities today as contested spaces 224

The nature of local governance and politics 225

Box 9.1 Making the city better 226

Local authorities and marginalized peoples 229

Racial minorities and local authorities 230

The homeless and local authorities 231

Box 9.2 Planning and building the city 232

The very poor and local authorities 233

Contesting mistreatment by local authorities 234

Box 9.3 Studying the city 235

Major contests over deep meanings and spaces in the metropolis 237

Jerusalem: The quintessential contested city 237

The contested spaces of Berlin 239

Considering power and space in urban contexts 241

Part IV Cities in a New Era of Globalization 247

10 Urbanization and cities in developing countries 248

Urbanization 249

The basic path of urbanization and its impact on place 249

Developing- country cities in historical perspective 251

Box 10.1 Studying the city 251

The basic dimensions of urbanization 253

Urban hierarchy 253

Urban primacy 254

Over- urbanization versus under- urbanization 255

Natural increase and in- migration 257

From process and system to place 258

A profile with multiple wrinkles 258

Megacities as places: Opportunities and challenges 259

Size and density 259

Creating wealth and sustaining poverty 260

Box 10.2 Making the city better 262

The developing megacity as a lived place 263

Governing the megacities 266

Box 10.3 Planning and building the city 267

Reassessing the developing- country city 268

11 Cities in the global economy 275

Cities in a globalizing world: theoretical background 276

Emerging cities in the global economy 277

Yiwu, China: The world’s central hub for small merchandise 277

Rajarhat, India: A tech city on the metropolitan edge 279

Re- emerging cities in the global economy 280

Hamburg, Germany: Prosperity, challenges, and re- emergence 280

Shanghai: Global rise from local renaissance 283

Deeper and higher into the global economy 285

Dongguan, China: From a rural township into a world factory- city 286

Box 11.1 Studying the city 287

Dubai, United Arab Emirates: From a desert outpost to an urban miracle 289

Cities in a networked and fragmented global economy 290

The regional dimension and reconfiguration of cities 291

The (re)emergence of regional- urban corridors 292

City differentiation in a changing world 294

Box 11.2 Planning and building the city 295

Individual flexibility under systematic constraint 296

The new regional corridorization of cities 297

Box 11.3 Making the city better 298

Part V Changes and Challenges for Resilient Cities 305

12 Cities in a rapidly changing climate 306

Cities and the natural environment 307

Cities’ reliance on nature 307

Risk, hazard, and disaster 309

Challenges and inequities in urban environments 311

Resources and pollution 311

Box 12.1 Studying the city 312

Inequitable distributions of risks 314

Box 12.2 Making the city better 315

Cities in a changing climate 319

Cities’ contributions to climate change 320

The changing profile of disaster 320

Climate adaptation and mitigation 323

Rebuilding vulnerable cities 324

Box 12.3 Planning and building the city 325

Sustainability, resilience, and a “just transition” 327

13 The post- pandemic city 336

Why revisit the pandemic? 337

The pandemic as an urban crisis 337

Wuhan: The original epicenter 340

Box 13.1 Making the city better 342

New York City: Ground Zero, again 343

Economic implications 345

Implications for urban space and infrastructure 346

Changes and challenges in gathering 346

The remote work revolution 348

Box 13.2 Studying the city 350

Lingering implications of new work and social patterns 352

Implications for small and midsized cities 354

Fleeing the city 354

The increasing appeal of midsized cities 355

Box 13.3 Planning and building the city 356

Looking ahead and planning for resilience 358

Glossary 368

Index 376