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Industrial Scale Inhibition
Principles, Design, and Applications
Ibrahim Yahia Yaagoob (Edited by), Chandrabhan Verma (Edited by)
9781394191178, Wiley
Hardback, published 18 June 2024
592 pages
22.9 x 15.2 x 3.5 cm, 1.052 kg
Learn the synthesis, characterization, scaling mechanisms, and applications of green antiscalants to be utilized in modern industrial platforms Scale formation, or mineral accumulation on the interior surfaces of water lines and containers, is a serious and expensive hazard in numerous industries. The prevention and elimination of scales has long been a major project demanding the production of antiscalant materials; increasing awareness of the toxicity of traditional antiscalants, however, and rising environmental consciousness has increased demand for green antiscalants. It’s an exciting time for new chemists and chemical engineers to get involved in this growing field. Industrial Scale Inhibition provides a comprehensive introduction to existing and ongoing developments in green antiscalants. With coverage of synthesis, characterization, and many more subjects, it promises to make a serious contribution to environmentally conscious industry. The range of environmentally alternatives to traditional toxic antiscalants is explored and analyzed in this crucial volume. Industrial Scale Inhibition readers will also find: Industrial Scale Inhibition is a useful reference for chemists and chemical engineers working in research and development and academia, as well as high-level researchers working in the fields of material science and engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environment, colloid sciences, among others.
About the Editors xix List of Contributors xxi Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii 1 Scales, Scaling, and Antiscalants: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, and Properties 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scales 2 1.3 Scaling 5 1.4 Antiscalant/Chemical Treatment 8 1.5 Antiscalant Mechanism 9 1.6 Antiscalant in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 9 1.7 Antiscalants in Oilfield Environments 10 1.8 Overview of Some Plant-derived and Organic-based Antiscalants 12 1.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 14 2 Traditional and Eco-friendly Antiscalants: Advantages and Disadvantages 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Formation and Hazards of Scale 19 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Impedance Agents 24 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Environmentally Friendly Scale Inhibitors 25 2.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 32 3 Electrochemistry Basics and Theory of Scaling in Various Electrolytes: Effect of pH and Other Parameters 36 3.1 Introduction to Electrochemistry 36 3.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemistry 38 3.3 Scaling Phenomena in Electrolytic Systems 43 3.4 pH’s Influence on Scaling and Electrochemical Processes 54 3.5 Temperature and Ionic Strength Effects on Scaling 57 3.6 Electrode Material and Its Influence on Scaling 59 3.7 Electrolyte Composition and Current Density: Scaling Implications 60 3.8 Integrative Understanding of Electrochemical Processes 62 3.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 63 4 A Critical Review of Relative Scale Inhibition Performance of Different Alternatives 72 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Concluding Remarks 91 4.3 Future Perspectives 92 5 Environmentally Acceptable Antiscalants and Their Hydrolytic Stability 102 5.1 Background of Scales and Antiscalants 102 5.2 Hydrolytic Stability of Scales and Antiscalants 107 5.3 Recent Developments for Environmentally Acceptable Antiscalants and Their Hydrolytic Stability 109 5.4 Conclusion 123 5.5 Future Perspective 123 6 Assessment of Industrial Scale Inhibition: Experimental and Computational Approaches 132 6.1 Introduction 132 6.2 Brief Overview of Experimental and Computational Approaches 136 6.3 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Scale 138 6.4 Computational Approaches for Assessing Scale 144 6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental and Computational Approaches 150 6.6 Challenges and Future Outlooks 151 6.7 Conclusion 152 7 Recent Advancements Toward Phosphorus-Free Scale Inhibitors: An Eco-friendly Approach in Industrial Scale Inhibition 158 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Scale Inhibitors and Mechanism of Scale Inhibition 159 7.3 Advancements Toward Phosporous-Free Scale Inhibitors 160 7.4 Summary 182 7.5 Future Perspective 182 8 Trends in Using Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors: Past, Present, and Future Scenarios 188 8.1 Introduction 188 8.2 Classification of Organic Scale Inhibitors 189 8.3 Adsorption Mechanism of Organic Scale Inhibitors in the Oil and Gas Industry 196 8.4 Increasing the Effectiveness of Organic Scale Inhibitors 197 8.5 Technologies of Organic Scale Inhibitor Application in the Oil and Gas Industry 198 8.6 Future Perspective 199 8.7 Conclusion 199 9 Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 206 9.1 Introduction 206 9.2 Organic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 208 9.3 New Green Scale Inhibitors 216 9.4 Synergistic Effect Between Functional Groups 217 9.5 Future Prospects and Challenges 217 10 Plant Extracts as Scale Inhibitors 225 10.1 Introduction 225 10.2 Plant Extracts 226 10.3 Scale Inhibition Mechanism 227 10.4 Plant Extracts to Prevent Carbonate Scale 228 10.5 Plant Extracts to Prevent Sulfate Scale 232 10.6 Future Prospects and Challenges 234 11 Carbohydrates as Scale Inhibitors 239 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Carbohydrates as Scale Inhibitors 240 11.3 Conclusion 248 12 Copolymers and Polymers as Scale Inhibitors 253 12.1 Introduction 253 12.2 Copolymer Scale Inhibitor 254 12.3 Polymer Scale Inhibitor 258 12.4 Future Prospects and Challenges 260 13 Polymeric and Copolymeric Scale Inhibitors: Trends and Opportunities 266 13.1 Introduction 266 13.2 Copolymers 267 13.3 Polymers 267 13.4 Scale Formation 269 13.5 Scale Inhibitors 269 13.6 Copolymers as Scale Inhibitors in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 270 13.7 Polymers as Scale Inhibitors in IndustrialWater-Circulating Systems 274 13.8 Overview of Copolymers and Polymer-Based Scale Inhibitors for Different Scalants 280 13.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 280 14 Inorganic Compounds as Scale Inhibitors 290 14.1 Introduction 290 14.2 Main Part 291 14.3 Conclusion 299 15 Nanomaterials as Scale Inhibitors 304 15.1 Introduction 304 15.2 Scale Inhibitors 306 15.3 Nanotechnology Applications in the Oil and Gas Industry 309 15.4 Evaluation of Nanomaterials as Effective and Eco-friendly Scale Inhibitors 310 15.5 Summary and Conclusions 318 15.6 Future Perspective 319 16 Natural Scale Inhibitors 327 16.1 Introduction 327 16.2 Types of Scales 327 16.3 Scale Inhibitor 329 16.4 Advantages of Scale Inhibitors 332 16.5 Natural Scale Inhibitor 332 16.6 Conclusion 338 16.7 Future Perspectives of Natural Scale Inhibitors 338 17 Scaling in Concrete – Causes, Prevention, and Repair 341 17.1 Introduction 341 17.2 What Is Scaling? 342 17.3 Why Do Concrete Surfaces Scale? 343 17.4 Concrete Structures Affected by Scaling 345 17.5 Mechanism of Scaling in Concrete 347 17.6 How CanWe Prevent Concrete Scaling? 349 17.7 Prevention and Repair of Scaled Surfaces 351 17.8 Conclusions 353 17.9 Future Scope 354 18 Plant Extracts as Scale Inhibitors 357 18.1 Introduction 357 18.2 Plant Extracts 358 18.3 Plant Extracts as Scaling Inhibitors 359 18.4 Conclusion 365 19 Scale Inhibitors for Cooling Towers and Industrial Circulating Systems 370 19.1 Introduction 370 19.2 Background of Scale Formation and Inhibition 372 19.3 Background of Scale Formation and Inhibition 373 19.4 Scale Inhibitors for Cooling Towers and Industrial Circulating Systems 375 19.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 391 20 Dual-Functional Corrosion and Scale Inhibitors for Oil and Gas Industry 399 20.1 Introduction 399 20.2 Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibitors 400 20.3 Scales and Scale Inhibitors 409 20.4 Dual-Purpose Oilfield Chemicals 424 20.5 Conclusions 443 20.6 Future Prospects of CSI Chemicals 444 21 Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Anti-scaling Applications 458 21.1 Introduction 458 21.2 Fundamental Principles and Theories 460 21.3 Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Their Synthesis 463 21.4 Methods to Analyze Anti-scaling Properties of a Given Surface 469 21.5 Mechanism of Scale Nucleation and the Role of Superhydrophobic Surface 472 21.6 Summary and Future Predictions 475 22 Multifunctional Additives for Synergistic Scale and Corrosion Inhibition in High-Stress Systems 483 22.1 Part 1: Corrosion and Its Inhibition 483 22.2 Concluding Remarks 492 22.3 Part 2: Scale and Its Inhibition 493 22.4 Conclusions/Perspectives 523 Acknowledgments 524 References 524 Index 551
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