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    Hidden in Blackness
    Being Black and Being an Immigrant in U.S. Schools and Colleges

    Chrystal A. George Mwangi (Author), Adaurennaya C. Onyewuenyi (Author), Janice B. Fournillier (Foreword by), James A. Banks (Series edited by)

    9780807786932

    Hardback, published 28 February 2025

    224 pages
    23.5 x 16.2 x 1.5 cm, 0.666 kg

    This timely book offers a transdisciplinary approach for understanding and improving the educational experiences of Black immigrants.

    Hidden in Blackness analyzes the experiences, perspectives, and development of Black immigrant students, while also complicating how race, ethnicity, nativity, and nationality are understood across the P–20 education landscape.

    The authors unpack how Blackness and anti-Black racism in the United States can foster Black immigrants becoming hidden in Blackness in schools and education research—meaning their Black identity is homogenized into a U.S. construction of Blackness while their ethnicity, nationality, and nativity go unacknowledged or is weaponized to subjugate other people of Color. The book culminates by offering the Black Diasporic Illumination (BDI) framework with recommendations for supporting these students with a positive sense of self and abilities in the face of racial realities. BDI bridges sociocultural ecology, ethnic-racial identity and socialization scholarship, asset orientations, and critical constructions of race and racism into a transdisciplinary approach for understanding the experiences of Black immigrants in U.S. education.

    Book Features:

    • Spans the experiences and outcomes of both K–12 and higher education Black immigrant students to provide a more complete picture.
    • Integrates a structural lens that considers the role of systemic racism, nativism, xenophobia, anti-Blackness, and white supremacy embedded within the educational experience.
    • Amplifies the rich diversity that exists among Black communities and immigrant communities in the United States.
    • Offers researchers, practitioners, and policymakers guidance for better supporting these students through awareness of their educational experiences, needs, challenges, and successes.
    • Provides insights into the demographic diversity of Black immigrants (e.g., parental education level, nationality, ethnicity, English-language proficiency, and citizenship/ documentation status) and how these shape educational experiences and outcomes differently.

    Contents

    Series Foreword James A. Banks  xi

    Foreword: What Do You Know About and How Do You Study "Black and Immigrant Students"? Janice B. Fournillier  xv

    Acknowledgments  xix

    Introduction: Complicating Blackness and Immigration   1
    Hidden in Blackness   1
    Black Immigration Flows and Immigration Policies  2
    Black Immigrant Demographic Shifts in the United States   6
    How We Enter: Author Positionalities  9
    Organization of the Book   13

    1.  Lifting the Veil on the Landscape of Black Immigrant and U.S. Education Scholarship   14
    The Research Landscape   14
    Reframing Black Immigrants' U.S. Educational Experiences   18
    Conclusion  21

    2.  Complicating Racial Identity Development  22
    Black Identity Development Theories  22
    Black Immigrants and Black Identity Development  26
    Linking Blackness and Nativity, Ethnicity, and Nationality  31
    Centering Power in Understanding Black Immigrants' Racial Identity Development  38

    3.  Complicating the K–12 Education System and Structures  40
    School Environment  40
    Family vs. School or Family and School?  54
    Conclusion  56

    4.  Complicating K–12 Social Support and Resources: Black Immigrant Youth Navigating Gatekeepers and Shepherds  57
    Gatekeepers and Shepherds  58
    Family and Community Expectations, Socialization, and Support  58
    Peers as Facilitators, Supporters, or Prohibitors   67
    Teachers and School Counselors as Interrupters, Advocates, or Instigators  75
    Black Immigrant Students' Strategies to Navigate Various Environments and Relationships  80
    Conclusion  82

    5.  Complicating Access to Higher Education  83
    Framing the College-Going Process  84
    College-Going Motivators, Supports, and Resources  85
    Barriers to the College-Going Process  94
    Conclusion 100

    6.  Complicating Student Experiences in Higher Education   101
    Adjustment to College   101
    Experiences With Campus Culture and Climate for Diversity   104
    Classroom and Academic Experiences   109
    Social and Peer Engagement   112
    Conclusion   120

    7.  Complicating Education and Workforce Outcomes   121
    Educational Outcomes: Complicating the Success Story   121
    Workforce Participation and Outcomes   125

    Conclusion: Hidden No More: The Black Diasporic Illumination Framework   131
    Developing the BDI Framework: Theoretical and Conceptual Grounding   131
    BDI Framework   133
    Implications for Future Research   136
    Implications for Education Practice and Policy   138
    Conclusion   140

    Epilogue: A Love Letter to Black Immigrant Students Navigating the U.S. Education System   142

    Appendix: Data Sources and Research Designs   145

    Endnotes   155

    References   157

    Index   193

    About the Authors  201
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