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Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation
Basic Concepts and Fundamentals
Saeid Eslamian (Edited by), S Eslamian (Author), Faezeh Eslamian (Edited by)
9781119478959, Wiley
Hardback, published 13 January 2021
528 pages
27.9 x 21.6 x 3.3 cm, 1.531 kg
Water harvesting is gaining more and more recognition as a sustainable and resilient water supply options. It is economically viable, socially compatible and environmentally friendly. Water harvesting has proven to be a robust solution to overcome or reduce water shortages all over the world. It is important to understand how to apply this practice in a sustainable and effective way to make full use of its potential in a world increasingly threatened by water scarcity. The Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Basic Concepts and Fundamentals is the most comprehensive, up-to-date and applied handbook on water harvesting and conservation yet published. The book’s 30 chapters -- written by 84 outstanding international experts from approximately 20 selected countries faced by drought -- explore, critique and develop concepts and systems for water harvesting. The editors bring together many perspectives into a synthesis that is both academically based and practical in its potential applications. The Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Basic Concepts and Fundamentals is an important tool for education, research and technical works in the areas of soil, water and watershed management and is highly useful for drought strategy planning, flood management and developing techniques to adapt to climate change in urban, agricultural, forest and rangeland areas.
List of Contributors xxi About the Editors xxvii Part A Concepts and Standards for a Secure Water Harvesting 1 1 Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 4 1.3 Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting 5 1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting 8 1.5 Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting across Different Climatic Zones 10 1.6 Roof Rainwater Harvesting System Components 11 1.7 Calculation of Potential HarvestedWater 13 1.8 Water Quality and its Health and Environmental Impacts 14 1.9 System Operation and Maintenance 14 1.10 Conclusion 15 References 15 2 Rainwater Harvesting: Recent Developments and Contemporary Measures 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Water Resource Management 18 2.3 Water Management at the Building Scale 25 2.4 Analysis of Payback of Rainwater Harvesting Systems 34 2.5 Conclusion 35 Acknowledgment 35 References 36 3 Standards for Rainwater Catchment Design 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Catchment Surface 40 3.3 Conveyance System 42 3.4 Storage Tank 44 3.5 Pre-treatment of Roof Collection 53 3.6 Distribution System and Related Regulations 54 3.7 Conclusion 54 References 55 4 Water Security Using Rainwater Harvesting 57 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 57 4.3 Rainwater Collection Systems 58 4.4 Rainwater Storage 61 4.5 Importance of Rainwater Harvesting 61 4.6 Quality Assessment of Harvested Rainwater 64 4.7 Problems Associated with Rainwater Harvesting 64 4.8 Conclusion 65 References 65 Part B Water Harvesting Resources 69 5 Single-Family Home and Building Rainwater Harvesting Systems 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Historical Development of RWH and Utilization 71 5.3 Pros and Cons of RWH Systems 72 5.4 Current Practices Around theWorld 78 5.5 Health Risks of Roof-Collected Rainwater 78 5.6 Guides, Policy, and Incentives 79 5.7 Green Building Certification Systems and RWH 82 5.8 Conclusion 84 References 85 6 Water Harvesting in Farmlands 87 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Water Harvesting: Definitions 87 6.3 Floodwater Harvesting in Farmlands 88 6.4 Macro-CatchmentWater Harvesting in Farmlands 91 6.5 Micro-CatchmentWater Harvesting in Farmlands 94 6.6 RooftopWater Harvesting in Farmlands 95 6.7 Water Harvesting and Fertilization 96 6.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 96 References 97 7 Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock 101 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 Rainfall Harvesting on the Land 101 7.3 AnimalWater Requirements 102 7.4 Harvested Rainfall as a Source for Livestock 103 7.5 Requirements for Harvesting Rainwater for Livestock 104 7.6 Distribution ofWater for Livestock 107 7.7 Rainwater System Maintenance 107 7.8 Conclusion 107 References 108 8 Road Water Harvesting 109 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Water Harvesting Systems and Their Characteristics 110 8.3 RoadWater Harvesting 113 8.4 Conclusion 123 References 124 Part C Hydroinformatic and Water Harvesting 127 9 Application of RS and GIS for Locating Rainwater Harvesting Structure Systems 129 9.1 Introduction 129 9.2 Experimental Site 131 9.3 Methodology 131 9.4 Results and Discussions 137 9.5 Conclusion 141 References 142 10 Information Technology in Water Harvesting 145 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Water Harvesting Methods 145 10.3 The Internet of Things (IoT) 147 10.4 Assessing the Available Subsurface Resources Using the IoT 148 10.5 The IoT Devices for Efficient Agricultural/Irrigation Usage 150 10.6 Conclusions 151 References 151 11 Global Satellite-Based Precipitation Products 153 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Precipitation Measurements from Space 154 11.3 Overview of NASA Satellite-Based Global Precipitation Products and Ancillary Products at GES DISC 155 11.4 Data Services 159 11.5 Examples 163 11.6 Conclusion 171 Acknowledgments 172 References 172 12 Risk Analysis of Water Harvesting Systems 177 12.1 Introduction 177 12.2 Concepts and Terminology 177 12.3 General Approaches to Risk Management Applicable to RWHS 177 12.4 Supporting Risk Management for RWHS 181 12.5 Hazards and Exposure Modes 182 12.6 Rainwater Collection Reliability asWater Source 183 12.7 Specific Risk Treatment Actions 185 12.8 Process Control and Monitoring 186 12.9 Conclusion 187 References 187 Part D Hydrological Aspects of Water Harvesting 191 13 Return Period Determination for Rainwater Harvesting System Design 193 13.1 Introduction 193 13.2 Study Area 194 13.3 Overview of Rainwater Harvesting 197 13.4 Methodology 198 13.5 Results and Discussions 201 13.6 Conclusions 203 References 203 14 Rainwater Harvesting Impact on Urban Groundwater 207 14.1 Introduction 207 14.2 State of the Art 208 14.3 Study Area and Data Collection 209 14.4 Methodology 213 14.5 Temporal Analysis of Groundwater Level 214 14.6 Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Table 215 14.7 Impact of RWH on Groundwater Recharge 215 14.8 Model Simulations for Impact of RWH Systems 217 14.9 Model Predictions for the Future 218 14.10 Conclusion 222 Acknowledgement 223 References 223 15 Effects of Water Harvesting Techniques on Sedimentation 225 15.1 Introduction 225 15.2 Qualitative Effects and Data Collection 226 15.3 Sedimentation in Small Check Dams 228 15.4 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) 229 15.5 Limburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) 235 15.6 Conclusion 238 References 238 Part E Hydrometeorological Water Harvesting 243 16 Principles and Applications of Atmospheric Water Harvesting 245 16.1 Introduction 245 16.2 AtmosphericWater Harvesting Necessity 245 16.3 Methods of AtmosphericWater Harvesting 246 16.4 Energy Requirements of AMH andWater Production Costs 247 16.5 Atmospheric Vapor Harvesting Systems 248 16.6 Conclusion 256 References 257 17 Dew Harvesting on High Emissive Natural and Artificial Passive Surfaces 261 17.1 Introduction 261 17.2 Passive Surfaces for the Case Studies 262 17.3 Data Collection 264 17.4 Case Studies for Dew Collection 265 17.5 Dew Modeling 267 17.6 Conclusion 270 Acknowledgments 271 References 271 18 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Using Waste Energy from Landfills and Oilfields 273 18.1 Introduction 273 18.2 Refrigeration-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting Systems 275 18.3 ModelingWaste Natural Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 276 18.4 Landfill Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 277 18.5 Oilfield Gas-Based AtmosphericWater Harvesting 283 18.6 Sensitivity of theWater Harvest to Various Parameters 284 18.7 Comparison of AWH to Other Techniques for ProducingWater 285 18.8 Perspectives on AtmosphericWater Harvesting 285 18.9 Conclusions 286 Acknowledgements 286 References 286 Part F Environmental Aspects of Water Harvesting 289 19 Treatment Techniques in Water Harvesting 291 19.1 Introduction 291 19.2 Pretreatment of Harvested Rainwater: Prevention of Debris Entry and Sedimentation 292 19.3 Chemical Disinfection 293 19.4 Physical Disinfection 295 19.5 Biological Treatment 298 19.6 Conclusion 300 References 301 20 Water Recycling from Palm Oil Mill Effluent 307 20.1 Introduction 307 20.2 Problem Statement 307 20.3 Palm Oil Production 308 20.4 POME as an Agro-IndustryWastewater 308 20.5 Characteristics of POME 308 20.6 POME Treatment Methods 312 20.7 Water Recycling by Membrane Technique 313 20.8 Application of the SBR in POME Treatment 314 20.9 Discussions 316 20.10 Conclusion 316 References 316 Part G Green Water Harvesting 321 21 Vegetation Advantages for Water and Soil Conservation 323 21.1 Introduction 323 21.2 Background 323 21.3 Vegetation Advantage for Soil andWater Conservation in Artificial Plots 329 21.4 Conclusions 334 References 335 22 Water Harvesting in Forests: An Important Step in Water-Food-Energy Nexus 337 22.1 Introduction 337 22.2 GlobalWater Scarcity 337 22.3 Change in Land Use-Land Cover and its Impact on Forest andWater Resources 339 22.4 Forest Hydrology 339 22.5 Rainwater Harvesting in Forests 343 22.6 Deforestation and its Impact 345 22.7 Forest Management andWatershed Development 346 22.8 Knowledge Gaps 347 22.9 Forests andWater in International Agreements 348 22.10 Role of Geospatial Technologies 348 22.11 Managing the Climate-Water-Forest Nexus for Sustainable Development 349 22.12 Case Studies 350 22.12.1 CombatingWater Scarcity in Latin America 350 22.12.2 Amazon River 350 22.12.3 Case Study of Southeast Asia 350 22.13 Conclusions 350 References 351 23 Rainwater and Green Roofs 355 23.1 Introduction 355 23.2 Green Roof Components 355 23.3 Green Roof Types 358 23.4 Green Roof Irrigation 359 23.5 Green Roof Standards 359 23.6 Green Roofs for Rainwater Collection and Storage 360 23.7 Green Roof Effect on Runoff Quality 363 23.8 Other Functions of Green Roofs 364 23.9 Cost and Benefit Analysis of Green Roofs 367 23.10 Conclusion 369 References 369 24 Green Landscaping and Plant Production with Water Harvesting Solutions 373 24.1 Introduction 373 24.2 Water Harvesting 374 24.3 Rainwater Harvesting 374 24.4 The Goals and Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting 376 24.5 Impact of RWHR on Infiltration and Surface Runoff Processes 376 24.6 Climate Change and RWH 376 24.7 Landscape Functions and RWH 377 24.8 Hydrological Functions and RWH 377 24.9 Soil Fertility and Biomass Production 378 24.10 Discussions 380 24.11 Conclusions 381 References 381 Part H Reliable Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Systems 385 25 Comparing Rainwater Storage Options 387 25.1 Introduction 387 25.2 History of Rainwater Harvesting 387 25.3 Benefits of Rainwater Storage 388 25.4 Main Rainwater Storage Options 389 25.5 Comparing Rainwater Storage Options 395 25.6 Conclusion 398 References 398 26 Rainwater Harvesting Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships 401 26.1 Introduction 401 26.2 The Rainwater Harvesting Storage-Yield-Reliability Problem 401 26.3 Modeling Storage-Yield-Reliability Relationships 402 26.4 Key Considerations 411 26.5 Conclusions 412 References 413 27 Towards Developing Generalized Equations for Calculating Potential Rainwater Savings 417 27.1 Introduction 417 27.2 State of the Art 418 27.3 Methodology 419 27.4 Study Area and Data 420 27.5 Results 421 27.6 Conclusions 423 Acknowledgement 424 References 424 Part I Sustainable Water Harvesting and Conservation in a Changing Climate 427 28 Water Harvesting, Climate Change, and Variability 429 28.1 Introduction 429 28.2 Water Harvesting 431 28.3 Case Study 437 28.4 Results and Discussion 439 28.5 Conclusion 443 References 444 29 Water Harvesting and Sustainable Tourism 447 29.1 Introduction 447 29.2 Water Management: An Approach to Sustainable Tourism 447 29.3 Tourism andWater Harvesting Economy 451 29.4 Conclusion 453 References 453 30 Rainwater Harvesting Policy Issues in the MENA Region: Lessons Learned, Challenges, and Sustainable Recommendations 457 30.1 Introduction 457 30.2 Definitions of RWH 457 30.3 Rainwater Harvesting Toward Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals 458 30.4 Water Administration and Legislation 459 30.5 Policy and Regulatory Approaches to RWH Use 459 30.6 Considerations When Establishing a Municipal Rainwater Harvesting Program 463 30.7 Regulatory Approaches in Other Countries 464 30.8 Challenges and Limitations 469 30.9 Future Recommendations for the MENA Region 470 30.10 Conclusion 470 References 471 Index 475
Fayez Abdulla, Cealeen Abdulla, and Saeid Eslamian
Aline Pires Veról, Marcelo Gomes Miguez, Elaine Garrido Vazquez, Fernanda Rocha Thomaz, Bruna Peres Battemarco, and Assed Naked Haddad
Sisuru Sendanayake and Saeid Eslamian
Adebayo Eludoyin, Oyenike Eludoyin, Tanimola Martins, Mayowa Oyinloye, and Saeid Eslamian
Duygu Erten
Elena Bresci and Giulio Castelli
Billy Kniffen
Negin Sadeghi and Saeid Eslamian
Dhruvesh Patel, Dipak R. Samal, Cristina Prieto, and Saeid Eslamian
S. Sreenath Kashyap, M.V.V. Prasad Kantipudi, Saeid Eslamian, Maryam Ghashghaie, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Ioannis Faraslis, and Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Zhong Liu, Dana Ostrenga, Andrey Savtchenko, William Teng, Bruce Vollmer, Jennifer Wei, and David Meyer
Maria Do Céu Almeida, Nelson Carriço, João Santos and Saeid Eslamian
Sandeep Samantaray, Dillip K. Ghose, and Saeid Eslamian
A. Jebamalar, R. Sudharsanan, G. Ravikumar, and Saeid Eslamian
Siavash Fasihi, and Saeid Eslamian
Mousa Maleki, Saeid Eslamian, and Boutaghane Hamouda
Jose Francisco Maestre-Valero, Bernardo Martin-Gorriz, Victoriano Martínez-Alvarez, and Saeid Eslamian
Enakshi Wikramanayake, Onur Ozkan, Aritra Kar, and Vaibhav Bahadur
Brandon Reyneke, Monique Waso, Thando Ndlovu, Tanya Clements, Sehaam Khan, and Wesaal Khan
Hossein Farraji, Irvan Dahlan, and Saeid Eslamian
Hadis Salehi Gahrizsangi, Saeid Eslamian, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Anna Blanta, and Mohadaseh Madadi
Rina Kumari and Saeid Eslamian
Sara Nazif, Seyed Ghasem Razavi, Pouria Soleimani, and Saeid Eslamian
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John Ndiritu
Monzur A. Imteaz, Muhammad Moniruzzaman and, Abdullah Yilmaz
Jew Das, Manish Kumar Goyal, and N.V. Umamahesh
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Subject Areas: Science: general issues [PD]
