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Governance Frameworks for Major Public Projects
International Practices and Experiences

Vedran Zerjav (Edited by), Zerjav (Author), Morten Welde (Edited by), Gro Holst Volden (Edited by)

9781394298525, Wiley

Hardback, published 16 April 2026

240 pages
24.4 x 17 x 1.6 cm, 0.51 kg

Studies and perspectives on effective government-funded project governance

Governance Frameworks for Major Public Projects: International Practices and Experiences brings together expert contributions and recent research to enable readers to make informed, rigorous decisions in the governance of major public projects.

This book includes information on:

  • Key components for success or failure, such as project governance structures and processes, especially in the front-end phase
  • The link between policy intention/aspiration and the execution of projects
  • Examples of governance models from several countries that address the challenge of the disconnect between policy and its delivery
  • Methods to obtain oversight and control of porfolios through effective project governance mechanisms

Combining empirical data and theoretical studies with a global outlook, Governance Frameworks for Major Public Projects: International Practices and Experiences earns a well-deserved spot on the bookshelves of policy and industry practitioners across all project-based organisations. Advanced students of project management will also find the text valuable.

About the Editors xiii

Notes on Contributors xiv

Introductory Note from the Editors xvii

Foreword xix

Generative AI Disclosure xxi

Acknowledgements xxii

Part I Introduction to Governance of Public Investment Projects 1

1 Introduction – Governance of Public Investment Projects 3
Vedran Zerjav, Gro Holst Volden and Morten Welde

1.1 Governance Arrangements for Project Development and Implementation 3

1.2 Governance Theory – Conceptual Foundations 4

1.3 Rationale – Selection of Case Settings 5

1.4 How to Use This Book 6

1.5 Intended Audience and Use 6

References 7

2 Introductory Concepts 9
Terry Williams

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Public Governance 9

2.3 Public Projects 11

2.4 Project Life Cycle 12

2.5 Governance of Single-Defined Public Projects 13

2.6 Governance of Projects 15

2.7 Post-project Assessments 17

2.8 Politics 18

2.9 Theories 19

2.10 Conclusion 21

References 21

Part II Case Studies of Project Governance Models 25

3 Norway 27
Gro Holst Volden and Morten Welde

3.1 Context and Policy Basis 27

3.2 The State Project Model 28

3.2.1 A Brief Historical Overview 29

3.2.2 The Stage-Gate Model with Phases and Decision Points 29

3.2.3 Idea Phase 29

3.2.4 Conceptual Phase 30

3.2.5 Pre-project Phase and Investment Decision 30

3.2.6 Construction and Operation 31

3.2.7 Projects That Must Adhere to the Model 31

3.2.8 Parties and Roles 32

3.2.9 Selected Topics 33

3.2.9.1 How Projects Are Initiated 33

3.2.9.2 Option Appraisal 33

3.2.9.3 Cost Estimation and Budget Management 33

3.2.9.4 Quality Assurance of Decision Documents 34

3.2.9.5 Follow-Up and Ex Post Evaluation 35

3.2.9.6 Guidance, Training, and Exchange of Experiences 35

3.2.9.7 Portfolio Management 35

3.3 Experience with the Model 36

3.3.1 Improved Practices 36

3.3.2 Remaining Challenges 37

3.3.3 Widely Accepted and Under Continuous Improvement 37

References 38

4 The United Kingdom 41
Richard Kirkham and Nicola Young

4.1 Context and Policy Basis 41

4.2 The UK Project Governance Model 44

4.2.1 A Brief Historical Overview 44

4.2.2 The Stage Gate Review Model, Phases, and Decision Points 45

4.2.3 Business Cases and HM Treasury’s Green Book 47

4.2.4 Projects That Must Adhere to the Model 48

4.2.5 Selected Topics 48

4.2.5.1 The IPA ‘Project Routemap’ 49

4.2.5.2 IPA Project Delivery Capability Framework 49

4.2.5.3 The Construction Playbook 49

4.2.5.4 Post-project Reviews 50

4.3 Experience with the Governance Scheme 50

References 51

5 Ireland 53
Garret Doocey and Ed Hearne

5.1 Context and Policy Basis 53

5.2 Project Governance in Ireland – The Infrastructure Guidelines 54

5.2.1 History and Development of the Model 54

5.2.2 How Projects Are Initiated 55

5.2.3 The Stage-Gate Model with Phases and Decision Points 55

5.2.3.1 AG1 – Strategic Assessment and Preliminary Business Case 56

5.2.3.2 AG2 – Project Design, Planning, and Procurement Strategy 56

5.2.3.3 AG3 – Post-Tender – Final Business Case 56

5.2.3.4 Implementation 57

5.2.3.5 Post-completion Review 57

5.2.4 Projects That Must Adhere to the Model 57

5.2.5 Institutions and Roles 57

5.2.5.1 The Accounting Officer 57

5.2.5.2 The Approving Authority 58

5.2.5.3 The Sponsoring Agency 58

5.2.5.4 Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform, and Digitilisation 59

5.2.5.5 Government 59

5.2.6 Option Appraisal 59

5.2.7 Cost Estimation and Budget Management 60

5.2.8 Quality Assurance of Decision Documents 61

5.3 Experience with the Model 62

5.3.1 Early Lessons 62

5.3.2 Portfolio Management and Budgeting for Contingency 63

5.3.3 Developing Capacity 63

5.3.4 Embedding the Reforms 64

References 64

6 The Netherlands 67
Niek Mouter

6.1 Brief Outline and Description of the Context and Policy Basis for the Governance Model 67

6.2 Presentation of the Model 69

6.2.1 Brief Introduction 69

6.2.2 The Stage-Gate Model with Four Stages 69

6.2.2.1 Preparation Phase 70

6.2.2.2 Exploration Phase 72

6.2.2.3 Planning and Study Phase 73

6.2.2.4 Construction Phase 74

6.2.2.5 Portfolio Management 74

6.3 Experiences 74

6.4 Discussion 75

References 76

7 Denmark 79
Per Svejvig and Andreas Claus Hansen

7.1 Context and Policy Basis 79

7.2 The Two State Project Models 80

7.2.1 A Brief Historical Overview 81

7.2.1.1 The New Infrastructure Budgeting 81

7.2.1.2 The State IT Project Model 81

7.2.2 The Stage-Gate Model with Phases and Decision Points 82

7.2.2.1 The New Infrastructure Budgeting Model 82

7.2.2.2 The Danish State IT Project Model 83

7.2.3 Projects That Must Adhere to the Model 84

7.2.4 Parties and Roles 85

7.2.4.1 The New Infrastructure Budgeting Model 85

7.2.4.2 The State IT Project Model 86

7.2.5 Selected Topics 87

7.2.5.1 Cost Estimation and Budget Management 87

7.2.5.2 Quality Assurance 87

7.2.5.3 Reporting of the Project Portfolio 88

7.3 Experience with the Two Models 88

Acknowledgements 89

References 89

8 Sweden 93
Roger Pyddoke

8.1 Introduction: Governance of Transport Infrastructure and Digital Investments 93

8.2 Presentation of the Model 94

8.2.1 Brief Introduction 94

8.2.2 Project Initiation 97

8.2.3 Institutions and Roles 97

8.2.4 Option Appraisal 97

8.2.5 Who Bears the Risk? 98

8.2.6 Quality Assurance 98

8.3 Experience with the Model 98

8.3.1 Culture and Traditions 98

8.3.2 Transparency and Trust 99

8.3.3 Cost Estimates in the Early-Phase (Choice of Concept) Studies 99

8.3.4 Third-Party Scrutiny of Building Start Documents 99

8.3.5 Compliance with Planning Regulations 100

8.3.6 Ex Post Follow-Ups 100

8.4 Some Observations on the Governance of Digital Investments 101

8.5 Conclusion 102

Acknowledgements 103

References 103

9 The United States 105
George Edward Gibson

9.1 Context and Policy Basis 105

9.2 Overview of the Project Governance Schemes in Selected Agencies 108

9.2.1 Budget Allocation Process 108

9.2.1.1 General Services Agency 108

9.2.1.2 Federal Highway Administration 109

9.2.1.3 Department of Energy 109

9.2.1.4 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 109

9.2.2 Overview of the Stage-Gate Project Models 111

9.3 Experiences Using the Governance Scheme 114

Acknowledgements 115

References 115

10 Canada (Federal Government) 117
Olivier Choinière, Maude Brunet and Nathalie Drouin

10.1 Context and Policy Basis 117

10.2 Presentation of the Framework 118

10.2.1 A Brief Historical Overview 119

10.2.2 The Stage-Gate Model with Phases and Decision Points 120

10.2.3 Projects That Must Adhere to the Model 121

10.2.4 Institutions and Roles 123

10.2.4.1 Governmental Project Management Framework 124

10.2.4.2 Departmental Project Management Framework 125

10.2.5 Selected Topics 126

10.2.5.1 Front-End 126

10.2.5.2 Option Appraisal 126

10.2.5.3 Cost Estimation 126

10.2.5.4 Quality Assurance 127

10.2.5.5 Ex Post Evaluation 127

10.2.5.6 Competencies 127

10.3 Experience with the Model 128

10.3.1 Remaining Challenges 128

References 129

11 Quebec 131
Maude Brunet, Nathalie Drouin and Olivier Choinière

11.1 Context and Policy Basis 131

11.1.1 The ‘Directive’ 131

11.1.2 A Brief Historical Overview 132

11.2 The Stage-Gate Model with Phases and Decision Points 133

11.2.1 Pre-project 134

11.2.2 Initiating Phase 134

11.2.3 Planning Phase 135

11.2.4 Execution Phase 135

11.2.5 Closing Phase 136

11.2.6 Projects That Must Adhere to the Model 136

11.2.7 Parties and Roles 136

11.2.8 Selected Topics 137

11.2.8.1 How Projects Are Initiated 137

11.2.8.2 Option Appraisal 138

11.2.8.3 Cost Estimation and Budget Management 138

11.2.8.4 Quality Assurance of Decision Documents 139

11.2.8.5 Follow-Up and Ex post Evaluation 139

11.2.8.6 Guidance, Training, and Exchange of Experiences 139

11.2.8.7 Portfolio Management 139

11.3 Experience with the Model 140

11.3.1 Remaining Challenges 141

References 141

12 Australia 143
Dominic Ahiaga-Dagbui and Jon Frazer

12.1 Context for the Governance Model 143

12.2 Project Governance Models for Infrastructure Investments 144

12.2.1 Structure of the Federal Government’s Gateway Review Process 144

12.2.2 Assurance Reviews 145

12.2.3 State-Based Gateway Reviews and Special Pathways 146

12.2.4 Flexibility, Exceptions, Special Programmes, and the Gateway Review Model 146

12.2.5 Project Initiation in the Gateway Review Process 148

12.2.6 Options Analysis 148

12.3 Experience with the Models 149

12.3.1 Improvements in the Quality of Advice on Projects 149

12.3.2 The Battle Over Infrastructure Decisions: Governance, Politics, and Options Analysis 150

12.3.3 Ex Post Evaluation as Part of the Gateway Review Process 152

12.3.4 Effectiveness of Assurance Review 152

12.3.5 Poor Transparency 154

12.4 Conclusion 154

Acknowledgements 154

References 155

13 Governance Arrangements for EU-Funded and Nationally Funded Public Investment in the EU 157
Cristiana Belu Manescu and Ana-Maria Dobre

13.1 Introduction 157

13.2 Governance Arrangements for EU Cohesion Policy-Funded Investments 158

13.2.1 Principles 159

13.2.2 Beneficiaries and Territorial Coverage 160

13.2.3 Decision-Making, Programming, and Implementation 160

13.2.3.1 Decision-Making and Programming 160

13.2.3.2 Implementation: Programmes and Projects Selection and Delivery 161

13.3 Governance Arrangements of Nationally Financed Investments 162

13.3.1 Strategic Planning/Initiation of Project 163

13.3.2 Elements of Appraisal and Selection of Large Infrastructure Projects 164

13.3.2.1 Appraisal 165

13.3.2.2 External Assurance Process 166

13.3.3 Budgeting Aspects 166

13.3.3.1 Budgeting to Complete Projects in Construction 166

13.3.3.2 Budgeting for Maintenance 167

13.3.3.3 Identifying New Fiscal Space 168

13.3.4 Monitoring and Implementation 168

13.3.5 Ex Post Reviews 169

13.4 Conclusions 169

References 170

14 On the No-Objection at the World Bank: How a Practice Can Tell Us a Lot About Project Governance 173
Lavagnon Ika and Javad Bakhshi

14.1 Introduction 173

14.2 The No-Objection and Its Governance Implications at the Project Level 174

14.3 The No-Objection and Its Governance Implications at the Organizational Level 176

14.4 No-Objection and Its Governance Implications at the International Governance Level 179

14.5 Conclusions 181

References 182

Part III Comparative Analysis and Lessons for Policy Implementation 185

15 The Country Frameworks Summarized 187
Gro Holst Volden, Morten Welde and Vedran Zerjav

15.1 The Countries Studied 187

15.2 Establishment and Purpose of the Frameworks 188

15.3 Scope of the Frameworks 190

15.4 Parties and Roles 193

15.4.1 Main Parties and Roles 193

15.4.2 Other Parties and Roles 195

15.5 Stage-Gate Processes 195

15.6 Evidence of Positive Effects 198

15.7 Lingering Issues with Project Governance 199

15.8 Schemes May be Contested 200

15.9 Summary of Experiences 201

Reference 201

16 Conclusions 203
Vedran Zerjav, Morten Welde and Gro Holst Volden

16.1 What Do We Learn and Where Do We Go from Here? 203

16.2 Project Governance Models and Governance Theory 207

16.3 Advice for Policymakers 208

References 210

Index 211

Subject Areas: Civil engineering, surveying & building [TN]

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