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Forensic Anthropology
Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis
C. Clifford Boyd, Jr. (Edited by), Donna C. Boyd (Edited by)
9781119226383, Wiley
Hardback, published 23 February 2018
368 pages
25.7 x 17.8 x 2.5 cm, 0.953 kg
Provides comprehensive coverage of everything that students and practitioners need to know about working in the field of forensic anthropology Forensic anthropology has been plagued by questions of scientific validity and rigor despite its acceptance as a section in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences nearly half a century ago. Critics have viewed it as a laboratory-based applied subfield of biological anthropology, and characterised it as emphasising methodology over theory. This book shows that these views are not only antiquated, but inadequate and inaccurate. Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis introduces readers to all of the theoretical and scientific foundations of forensic anthropology — beginning with how it was influenced by the early theoretical approaches of Tyler, Morgan, Spencer and Darwin. It instructs on how modern forensic science relies on an interdisciplinary approach — with research being conducted in the fields of archaeology, physics, geology and other disciplines. This modern approach to theory in forensic anthropology is presented through the introduction and discussion of Foundational, Interpretive and Methodological theories. Sections cover: Bias and Objectivity in Forensic Anthropology Theory and Practice; The Theory and Science Behind Biological Profile and Personal Identification; Scientific Foundation for Interpretations of Antemortem, Perimortem, and Postmortem Processes; and Interdisciplinary Influences, Legal Ramifications and Future Directions. Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis is ideal for university courses in anthropological science, forensic science, criminal science and forensic archaeology.
About the Editors xv Notes on contributors xvii Foreword xxiii Series preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii 1 The theoretical and scientific foundations of forensic anthropology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 A selective history of theory in forensic anthropology 2 1.3 A modern perspective on forensic anthropology theory 5 1.3.1 Three forms of logical reasoning 8 1.3.2 Theory building in forensic anthropology: Linking logic and theory 10 1.4 Forensic anthropology theory and modern practice 12 1.5 Final comments 15 References 15 Part 1 Bias and objectivity in forensic anthropology theory and practice 19 2 Subjective with a capital S? Issues of objectivity in forensic anthropology 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Objectivity subjectivity and forensic anthropological theory 22 2.3 Subjectivity in science 24 2.3.1 Subjectivity in forensic anthropology 24 2.3.2 Effects of bias on forensic anthropology 25 2.3.3 Subjective science is not bad science 26 2.4 Mitigated objectivity: A path forward… 27 2.4.1 Constraining subjectivity and bias 28 2.4.2 The continuing process of constraint 33 2.5 Conclusion 34 References 34 3 Navigating cognitive bias in forensic anthropology 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Types of cognitive bias 40 3.3 Research versus applied science 41 3.4 Recommended solutions to mitigate confirmation bias 43 3.5 Challenges unique to forensic anthropology 44 3.5.1 Anthropologists work in a variety of professional contexts 44 3.5.2 The uniqueness of the forensic anthropology testing sample 45 3.5.3 Multiple tests to reach a single conclusion 45 3.6 An example of how bias affects procedures 46 3.7 Workable solutions 49 3.8 Summary 49 References 50 4 Theoretically interesting: Different perspectives of the application of theory to forensic anthropology practice and research 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Practising in context 56 4.3 Ethical considerations for the development of theory 58 4.4 Can theories be applied universally? 59 4.5 Conclusion 59 Acknowledgements 61 References 61 Part 2 The theory and science behind biological profile and personal identification 65 5 From Blumenbach to Howells: The slow painful emergence of theory through forensic race estimation 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Race as a concept and theory 68 5.2.1 Evolution rather than race explains human biological variation 70 5.2.2 Human variation is continuous 72 5.2.3 Human biological variation involves many traits that typically vary independently 73 5.2.4 Genetic variation within so‐called races is much greater than the variation among them 74 5.2.5 There is no way to consistently classify human beings by race 75 5.3 Anthropology and race 79 5.4 Forensic anthropology and race 85 5.5 Race and the future 90 Acknowledgments 92 References 92 6 The application of theory in skeletal age estimation 99 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 Skeletal age 101 6.3 Historical context 101 6.4 Forensic anthropology and evolutionary biology 102 6.5 Potential solutions to the problem of age estimation 105 6.6 Final comments 107 References 109 7 Theory and histological methods 113 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Foundational theory in bone biology 114 7.3 Interpretive theory in bone biology 115 7.3.1 Form and function 115 7.3.2 The mechanostat and Utah paradigm 116 7.3.3 Exploring the effectors of the mechanostat 117 7.4 Methodological theory in bone biology 119 7.4.1 Histological age estimation 120 7.4.2 Determining human versus nonhuman bone 121 7.5 Conclusions 122 References 123 8 Forensic applications of isotope landscapes (“isoscapes”): A tool for predicting region‐of‐origin in forensic anthropology cases 127 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 What are isotopes? 128 8.3 Why do isotope compositions of human tissues differ? 129 8.3.1 Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes 130 8.3.2 Strontium isotopes 130 8.3.3 Carbon nitrogen and sulfur isotopes 132 8.4 How do we interpret isotope data collected for forensic human identification? 133 8.4.1 Oxygen isotopes in drinking water and hair keratin 134 8.4.2 Oxygen isotopes in drinking water and skeletal bioapatite 137 8.4.3 Strontium isotopes of local bedrock and skeletal remains 138 8.5 Examples of the application of isotope analysis to unidentified remains 139 8.5.1 Jane Doe from Salt Lake County 139 8.5.2 Mandible from Siskiyou County 141 8.6 What are the future applications of isotope analysis? 144 Acknowledgments 144 References 145 Part 3 Scientific foundation for interpretations of antemortem perimortem and postmortem processes 149 9 The anatomical basis for fracture repair: Recognition of the healing continuum and its forensic applications to investigations of pediatric and elderly abuse 151 9.1 Introduction: Diagnosing pediatric and elderly non‐accidental injury 151 9.2 Theoretical basis for fracture healing and TSI estimation 153 9.3 Anatomical basis for fracture healing 154 9.3.1 Bone growth and development 155 9.3.2 Fracture healing 157 9.4 Factors affecting the rate of bone healing 162 9.4.1 The biological profile (age sex ancestry) 162 9.4.2 Type location cause severity and number of injuries 163 9.4.3 Injury treatment and local biomechanical factors 164 9.4.4 Systemic and other factors 165 9.5 Fracture healing stages and dating systems 166 9.6 A new model for fracture repair 174 9.7 Expanding and refining TSI estimation through the Antemortem Fracture Archive 181 9.8 Theory and the future of TSI estimation 184 References 184 Appendix A 195 Major fracture repair stages and TSI estimations 195 10 Theoretical foundation of child abuse 201 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Case study 201 10.3 Anthropologists and child abuse 202 10.4 Foundational theory 203 10.5 Interpretive theory 204 10.5.1 Bone biomechanics 205 10.5.2 Motor skill development 207 10.6 Methodological theory 207 10.7 Conclusion 209 References 209 11 Bone trauma analysis in a forensic setting: Theoretical basis and a practical approach for evaluation 213 11.1 Introduction 213 11.2 Theory 214 11.2.1 Foundational theory 215 11.2.2 Interpretive theory 216 11.2.3 Methodological theory 217 11.3 Fundamental principles in bone fracture interpretation 218 11.4 A practical approach to bone trauma evaluation and hypothesis building 226 11.5 Conclusion 232 References 232 12 Thinking outside the box: Theory and innovation in sharp trauma analysis 235 12.1 Introduction 235 12.2 Transfer of evidence 235 12.3 Theory connections 236 12.4 The human skeleton as transfer evidence 237 12.5 A primer on saws and dismemberment 238 12.6 Geographic information system 240 12.7 Applications of GIS in forensic anthropology and human osteology 241 12.8 GIS: innovation in cut mark striation interpretation 242 12.9 Locard and the twenty‐first century: It’s all a matter of scale 247 References 248 13 The forensic anthropologist as broker for cross‐disciplinary taphonomic research related to estimating the postmortem interval in medicolegal death investigations 251 13.1 Introduction 251 13.2 Taphonomy and taphonomic theory 252 13.3 Forensic taphonomy 254 13.4 Taphonomy and the estimation of time since death 255 13.5 The necrobiome 256 13.6 Cross‐disciplinary research 257 13.6.1 Need for cross‐disciplinary research in PMI estimation 257 13.6.2 Cross‐disciplinary approaches 258 13.7 Overcoming barriers to cross‐disciplinary research 262 13.8 Forensic anthropologists as brokers for unified theories in forensic taphonomy 264 13.8.1 Forensic anthropologists are already major players 264 13.8.2 Anthropologists have a long history of conducting taphonomic research 264 13.8.3 Anthropology is traditionally a holistic field 265 13.8.4 Forensic anthropology has its roots in academic research 265 13.9 Conclusions 265 Acknowledgments 266 References 266 Part 4 Interdisciplinary influences legal ramifications and future directions 271 14 Archaeological inference and its application to forensic anthropology 273 14.1 Introduction 273 14.2 Agency and nonlinear systems theories 274 14.3 Nonlinear modeling of the decomposition process 277 14.4 Discussion 284 References 292 15 Arrows of influence: The give and take of theory between forensic anthropology archaeology and geophysics 297 15.1 Introduction 297 15.2 Influences of archaeology on forensic anthropology 299 15.3 Influences of geophysics on forensic anthropology 301 15.4 “Backflow” to other disciplines: Site formation processes in archaeology 302 15.5 Backflow: Interpretation/understanding of geophysical signatures 303 15.6 Conclusion 305 References 305 16 Forensic anthropology scientific evidence and the law: Why theory matters 307 16.1 Introduction: Theory in practice 307 16.1.1 Commonwealth of Virginia V Lockett: Why theory matters 307 16.2 Science and the law: The disconnect 309 16.3 Science and the law: Commonalities 310 16.3.1 Legal and scientific dialogue 310 16.3.2 Abductive reasoning 311 16.3.3 Probabilistic evaluation of the strength of evidence 312 16.4 Forensic anthropologists as expert witnesses 315 16.5 Admissibility of forensic anthropology evidence in the post‐Daubert world 316 16.6 The legal application of forensic anthropology: Why theory matters 318 16.7 Final comments 319 Acknowledgments 320 References 320 17 Epilogue: Theory and science in forensic anthropology: Avenues for further research and development 325 17.1 The science of forensic anthropology 325 17.2 Looking forward 327 References 328 Index 329
C. Clifford Boyd Jr and Donna C. Boyd
Allysha Powanda Winburn
Michael W. Warren Amanda N. Friend and Michala K. Stock
Soren Blau
Stephen Ousley Richard L. Jantz and Joseph T. Hefner
Natalie R. Langley and Beatrix Dudzik
Christian M. Crowder Deborrah C. Pinto Janna M. Andronowski and Victoria M. Dominguez
Lesley A. Chesson Brett J. Tipple James R. Ehleringer Todd Park and Eric J. Bartelink
Donna C. Boyd
Jennifer C. Love and Miriam E. Soto Martinez
Hugh E. Berryman John F. Berryman and Tiffany B. Saul
John A. Williams and Ronald W. Davis
Daniel J. Wescott
C. Clifford Boyd Jr and William W. Baden
John F. Schweikart and Cheryl A. Johnston
Donna C. Boyd and C. Clifford Boyd Jr
C. Clifford Boyd Jr and Donna C. Boyd
Subject Areas: Chemistry [PN]
