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Essentials of Tests of Dyslexia�

Nancy Mather (Author), R. Steve McCallum (Author), Sherry M. Bell (Author), Barbara J. Wendling (Author)

9781394382699, Wiley

Paperback / softback, published 22 June 2026

320 pages
22.1 x 15 x 2 cm, 0.363 kg

Administer, score, and interpret the TOD-S, TOD-E, and TOD-C dyslexia assessments

Essentials of the Tests of Dyslexia (TOD) provides important insights into the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the three direct dyslexia assessment components and the co-normed rating scales. The book shows how the TOD instructional guide facilitates linking assessment results to interventions and is designed to expand understanding of the underlying linguistic abilities and related reading and spelling skills that are impacted for individuals with dyslexia.

With numerous case studies and case reports that provide guided practice in interpreting scores and score reports, this book delivers insights on:

  • Sample/potential questions to ask young children, such as “Do you have a lot of books at home?”
  • Accurate calculation of chronological age before beginning an evaluation
  • Potential administration errors, such as adding a schwa sound when pronouncing consonant sounds when administering the TOD-E
  • The three levels of interpretation as a framework to interpret scores and score profiles and relative differences among scores
  • Confidence bands (intervals) as a standardized method to reflect the confidence that the examinee’s true score falls within an identified range

Essentials of the Tests of Dyslexia (TOD) is a complete resource for assessment professionals, reading specialists, and educators who are interested in understanding reading difficulties and evaluating and serving individuals with dyslexia.

Series Preface x

Acknowledgments xii

One Overview of Dyslexia and the Rationale for the TOD™ 1

What is Dyslexia? 1

Revising the Definition of Dyslexia 2

Introduction to the TOD 3

Reading and Spelling Skills Affected by Dyslexia 4

Untimed and Timed Word Reading 5

Regular Word Spelling and Irregular Word Reading and Spelling 5

Multiple Linguistic Risk Factors 5

Phonological Awareness 6

Rapid Automatized Naming 6

Auditory Working Memory 8

Orthographic Processing 8

Visual- Verbal Paired Associate Learning 8

Vocabulary and Reasoning 9

Risk and Diagnostic Indexes 9

Clinical Pattern of Dyslexia 11

Rating Scales 11

Family History 12

Early Speech and Language Difficulties 12

Cattell–Horn–Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities 12

Dyslexia Interventions and Recommendations Guide 14

Test Yourself 14

Answers 15

References 15

Two General Administration Procedures for the TOD™ 18

Getting Ready to Test 19

TOD- Screener (TOD- S) 20

TOD- Comprehensive (TOD- C) and TOD- Early (TOD- E) 20

Confidentiality of Test Materials 22

Free Online Scoring 30

Test Yourself 32

Answers 33

References 33

Three Administration of the TOD- Screener and the TOD- Early 34

TOD- Screener 34

Picture Vocabulary (TOD- 1S) 35

Letter and Word Choice (TOD- 2S) 37

Word Reading Fluency (TOD- 3Sa) 38

Question Reading Fluency (TOD- 3Sb) 39

TOD- Early (TOD- E) 41

Sounds and Pseudowords (TOD- 4E) 41

Rhyming (TOD- 5E) 43

Early Rapid Number and Letter Naming (TOD- 6E) 44

Letter and Sight Word Recognition (TOD- 7E) 46

Early Segmenting (TOD- 8E) 47

Letter and Sound Knowledge (TOD- 9E) 49

Test Yourself 50

Answers 51

Four Administration of the TOD- Comprehensive 52

Organization of the TOD- c 52

Administration and Scoring of the TOD- C Tests 54

Phonological Manipulation (TOD- 4C) 54

Irregular Word Spelling (TOD- 5C) 56

Rapid Letter Naming (TOD- 6C) 57

Pseudoword Reading (TOD- 7C) 58

Word Pattern Choice (TOD- 8C) 59

Word Memory (TOD- 9C) 60

Picture Analogies (TOD- 10C) 61

Irregular Word Reading (TOD- 11C) 62

Oral Reading Efficiency (TOD- 12C) 64

Blending (TOD- 13C) 65

Segmenting (TOD- 14C) 67

Regular Word Spelling (TOD- 15C) 69

Silent Reading Efficiency (TOD- 16C) 70

Rapid Number and Letter Naming (TOD- 17C) 72

Letter Memory (TOD- 18C) 74

Rapid Pseudoword Reading (TOD- 19C) 75

Rapid Irregular Word Reading (TOD- 20C) 76

Symbol to Sound Learning (TOD- 21C) 77

Listening Vocabulary (TOD- 22C) 79

Geometric Analogies (TOD- 23C) 80

Test Yourself 81

Answers 82

Reference 82

Five Understanding and Interpreting The TOD Scores and Comparisons 83

Levels of Interpretation 83

Grade- or Age- Based Norms 85

TOD Scores 86

Communicating Performance Levels 93

Interpreting Standard Score or Percentile Ranges 96

Comparing TOD Scores 97

Importance of Instructional History in Decision- Making and Instructional Planning 99

Using TOD Tests, Composites, and Indexes to Identify Dyslexia Characteristics and/or a Specific Learning Disability in Reading 99

Linking Test Selection to Diagnosis, Recommendations, and Interventions 100

Test Yourself 102

Answers 103

References 104

Six Use of the TOD Rating Scales in the Identification of Dyslexia 105

Descriptions of the TOD Rating Scales 106

Development of the Rating Scales 109

Standardization of the TOD Rating Scales 110

Psychometric Properties of the TOD Rating Scales 111

Administration, Scoring, and Interpreting the TOD Rating Scales 114

Test Yourself 122

Answers 123

References 123

Seven Psychometric Properties of The TOD 125

Pilot Studies 125

Standardization 126

Reliability 130

Validity 134

Independent Research 142

Test Yourself 144

Answers 145

References 145

Eight Using the TOD Results to Inform Interventions 147

Structured Literacy 147

Phonological and Phonemic Awareness 148

Basic Reading Skills 152

Online Instruction and Teacher Training 160

Structural Analysis 161

Reading Fluency 163

Spelling 165

Accommodations 169

Test Yourself 174

Answers 175

References 175

Nine Illustrative Case Reports for The TOD- S and TOD- E 177

Case 1: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 178

Reason for Referral and Background Information 178

Assessment Procedures and Instruments 179

Tests of Dyslexia- Screener (TOD- S) 180

TOD- C Rating Scales 180

Summary and Recommendations 181

Case 2: TOD- S Evaluation 183

Conclusions 186

Case 3: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 187

Reason for Referral and Background Information 187

Assessment Procedures and Instruments 188

Tests of Dyslexia- Screener (TOD- S) 188

TOD- C Self- Rating Scale 190

Summary and Recommendations 190

Case 4: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 191

Reason for Referral and Background Information 192

Tests of Dyslexia- Screener (TOD- S) 194

TOD- E Rating Scales 195

Tests of Dyslexia- Early (TOD- E) 195

Summary and Recommendations 198

Case 5: Psychoeducational Evaluation 200

Reason for Referral 200

Background 200

Behavioral Observations 201

Tests Administered 201

Explanation of Scores and Score Ranges 202

Test Results 202

Indexes 205

TOD- E Parent/Caregiver Rating Scale 206

Summary 206

Diagnostic Impressions 207

Recommendations 207

Test Yourself 210

Answers 211

References 211

Ten Illustrative Case Reports for the TOD‐ C 212

Case 1: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 213

Reason for Referral and Background Information 213

Tests of Dyslexia‐ Screener (TOD‐ S) and Comprehensive (TOD‐ C) 215

Tests of Dyslexia Rating Scales 217

Summary and Recommendations 217

Case 2: Psychoeducational Evaluation 218

Reason for Referral 219

Background Information 219

Observations 219

Tests Administered 219

TOD‐ C Rating Scales 223

Conclusions 223

Recommendations 223

TOD Test Results 225

Case 3: Confidential Psychoeducational Report 229

Reason for Referral and Background Information 229

Tests of Dyslexia‐ Screener 231

Tests of Dyslexia‐ Comprehensive 232

Tests of Dyslexia Rating Scales 239

Summary and Recommendations 240

Classroom and Standardized Testing Accommodation Recommendations 242

Test Yourself 242

Answers 244

References 244

Appendix A Commonly Asked Questions 245

Appendix B Analyzing TOD Score Reports 255

Background 255

Reason for Referral 255

Tests Administered 256

DDI, RSI, and LPI 256

Test Scores within the DDI 257

TOD- C Composite Scores 258

Selecting Tests to Administer 260

Error Analyses 260

TOD- C Rating Scales 261

Conclusions 264

Reason for Referral 269

Tod- S 269

TOD- C Results 270

Parent/Caregiver Rating Scale 272

Appendix C TOD-E and TOD-C Dyslexia Profiles 275

Permission List 283

Index 288

Subject Areas: Psychology [JM]

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