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Energy and Environment
Michel André (Edited by), M André (Author), Zissis Samaras (Edited by)
9781786300263, Wiley
Hardback, published 10 June 2016
560 pages
24.1 x 16.5 x 3.6 cm, 0.953 kg
Transport systems are facing an impossible dilemma: satisfy an increasing demand for mobility of people and goods, while decreasing their fossil-energy requirements and preserving the environment. Additionally, transport has an opportunity to evolve in a changing world, with new services, technologies but also new requirements (fast delivery, reliability, improved accessibility). In this book, recent research works are reported around the triptych: "transport, energy and environment", which demonstrates that vehicle technologies and fuels can still improve, but it is necessary to prepare their implementation (e.g. electro-mobility), to think of new services, and to involve all actors, particularly enterprises, who will be the drivers of innovation. Mitigation strategies are studied to promote innovative, multimodal and clean transports and services. Research progress is reported on air pollution, vibrations and noise, their mitigation and assessment methodologies.
Acknowledgments xxi Preface xxiii Bernard JACOB and Jean-Bernard KOVARIK Introduction xxvii Part 1. Electromobility and its Implementation 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Toward a Europe-Wide Interoperable Electromobility System 5 1.1. Background 5 1.2. The Green eMotion project partnership and objectives 7 1.3. GeM achievements so far 8 1.4. Next steps 13 1.5. Conclusions . 16 1.6. Bibliography . 17 Chapter 2. Advanced Services for Electromobility: the Integration of the SmartCEM Project Platform for the Reggio Emilia Pilot Site 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Reggio Emilia pilot site 21 2.3. Research hypotheses 23 2.4. Technical architecture and data exchange 23 2.5. Experimental design, data and questionnaires 24 2.6. Conclusions 28 2.7. Bibliography 29 Chapter 3. Cognitive Mapping and Multi-criteria Assessment for the Design of an Electric Car Sharing Service 31 3.1. Introduction 31 3.2. Decision-aiding methods and causal maps 33 3.3. Assessment of the configuration options 36 3.4. Conclusion 42 3.5. Bibliography 42 Chapter 4. Eco-driving for Clean Vehicles – Optimizing Energy Use for Trams and e-buses 47 4.1. Background 47 4.2. Advanced training and education for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles: ACTUATE 48 4.3. Evaluation of training programmes for safe eco-driving of clean vehicles 52 4.4. Conclusions 56 4.5. Bibliography 57 Chapter 5. The Role and Activities of SMEs in EU R&D Transport Programmes: the Case of Electric Vehicles 59 5.1. Introduction 59 5.2. Innovation in the transport market 60 5.3. Methodology 63 5.4. SME involvement in EU R&D programmes 64 5.5. Strategies employed by SMEs to overcome barriers 69 5.6. Summary 70 5.7. Acknowledgments 70 5.8. Bibliography 71 Part 2. Vehicle and Engine Technologies Development 73 Introduction to Part 2 75 Chapter 6. HERCULES-1: The Long-Term (2004–2014) R&D Programme on Large Engine Technologies for Ships 77 6.1. Introduction 78 6.2. Achievements of Hercules-A and Hercules-B 79 6.3. Objectives of Hercules-C 81 6.4. Project HERCULES-C results 81 6.5. Conclusions 90 6.6. Acknowledgments 91 6.7. Bibliography 91 Chapter 7. Energy Storage System Studies for Heavy Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the EC HCV Project 93 7.1. Introduction 93 7.2. The reference vehicles and the selected energy storage systems (ESS) 95 7.3. Dedicated testing procedures 96 7.4. Testing results 100 7.5. Conclusions 105 7.6. Acknowledgments 105 7.7. Bibliography 106 Chapter 8. Achievements and Lessons Learnt in the Zero Regio EU Project 109 8.1. Introduction 109 8.2. Hydrogen infrastructure 110 8.3. Fuel-cell vehicles 115 8.4. Results of demonstration 115 8.5. Unexpected events and lessons learnt 118 8.6. Post-project activities and future plans 120 8.7. Concluding remarks 121 8.8. Bibliography 121 Chapter 9. FEV HiFORS Injector with Continuous Rate Shaping: Influence on Mixture Formation and Combustion Process 123 9.1. Introduction 123 9.2. HiFORS injector 124 9.3. Optical chamber rate shaping investigations 126 9.4. Single cylinder engine investigations 128 9.5. Conclusion and outlook 134 9.6. Acknowledgments 134 9.7. Bibliography 134 Chapter 10. Development of Predictive Vehicle and Drivetrain Operating Strategies Based Upon Advanced Information and Communication Technologies 137 10.1. Introduction 137 10.2. Energy potential analysis with offline simulation 139 10.3. Analysis of ICT measures for the reduction of CO2 emissions in urban areas 141 10.4. Development and implementation of predictive energy management systems for real-life application 142 10.5. Conclusions and outlook 148 10.6. Acknowledgments 149 10.7. Bibliography 149 Part 3. Energies and Fuels for Transports 151 Introduction to Part 3 153 Chapter 11. Measures to Promote the Diffusion of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in EU27 155 11.1. Introduction 155 11.2. The integrated assessment model ASTRA 157 11.3. Diffusion of alternative fuel cars 160 11.4. Policies and scenarios 165 11.5. Conclusions 169 11.6. Acknowledgments 170 11.7. Bibliography 170 Chapter 12. Creating Prospective Value Chains for Renewable Road Transport Energy Sources up to 2050 in Nordic Countries 173 12.1. Introduction 173 12.2. Theoretical background 174 12.3. Method 178 12.4. Building future contexts for the prospective value chains 181 12.5. Analysis of value network actors: a biodiesel case study 183 12.6. Discussion and conclusions 185 12.7. Acknowledgments . 186 12.8. Bibliography 186 Chapter 13. The Consequences of Increasing Fuel Prices on Car Travel and Household Budgets 189 13.1. A break in trend in car travel: increasing financial constraints and the proximity of saturation 189 13.2. A lagged reaction to rising fuel prices 194 13.3. The rise of fuel poverty 200 13.4. Bibliography 206 Chapter 14. The Development of an Innovative On-board CNG Storage System for Methane-Fuelled Cars Conducted Within the FP7 EU Project ‘InGAS’ 209 14.1. Development of innovative, low-cost Type IV CNG vessels 209 14.2. Development of advanced components for the on-board CNG storage and supply system 212 14.3. Design of CNG storage module 214 14.4. Integration of CNG storage module in vehicle 215 14.5. Performance validation 215 14.6. Considerations regarding production issues 216 14.7. Conclusions 217 14.8. Acknowledgments 219 Chapter 15. Sustainability Assessment of Infrastructure Elements with Integrated Energy Harvesting Technologies 221 15.1. Background 221 15.2. Highway E39 in Norway 223 15.3. Identification of environmental and economic lifecycle challenges 229 15.4. Pareto optimized concepts balancing economic and environmental aspects 230 15.5. Conclusions 231 15.6. Bibliography 232 Part 4. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation 235 Introduction to Part 4 237 Chapter 16. GHG Mitigation Strategy in the European Transport Sector 241 16.1. Introduction 241 16.2. Analysis of R&D funding and the innovation systems of the transport modes 244 16.3. Scoping of GHG reduction measures and technical reduction potentials 247 16.4. Techno-economic assessment of cost of GHG reduction measures 249 16.5. Stepwise scenario building and model-based assessment of scenarios and their GHG reduction pathways 250 16.6. Synthesis on suitable GHG reduction strategy for transport 253 16.7. Conclusions 255 16.8. Acknowledgments 256 16.9. Bibliography 257 Chapter 17. Why do CO2 Emissions from Heavy Road Freight Transport Increase in Spite of Higher Fuel Prices? 259 17.1. Introduction 259 17.2. Swedish freight transport market 260 17.3. Logistic efficiency of road freight transports 263 17.4. Consumed fuel per vehicle-km 265 17.5. CO2-intensity of fuel used in the road freight sector 269 17.6. Modeling policy impacts 270 17.7. Conclusions 272 17.8. Acknowledgments 273 17.9. Bibliography 273 Chapter 18. A Study on Super Credits and their Impact on Fleet-Average Real-World CO2 Emissions 277 18.1. Introduction 277 18.2. Methodology 279 18.3. Simulation 283 18.4. Results and discussion 286 18.5. Conclusion 289 18.6. Bibliography 290 Chapter 19. A Study on Co-Modality and Eco-Driving Mobility 293 19.1. Introduction 293 19.2. Analyzing the GPS-based mobility data 294 19.3. Assessing modal shift potential 299 19.4. Vehicle choice, technology and automotive service 305 19.5. Conclusions and recommendations 306 19.6. Bibliography 307 Chapter 20. Harmonizing Carbon Footprint Calculation for Freight Transport Chains 309 20.1. Introduction 309 20.2. The basis for standardization 313 20.3. Working with real-life supply chains 318 20.4. Outlook: requirements toward a future structure for the harmonized approach 320 20.5. Conclusions 322 20.5. Acknowledgments 322 20.6. Bibliography 322 Chapter 21. Carbon Intensity of French Shippers 325 21.1. Introduction: context and objective 325 21.2. Data: the 2004 French shipper survey 326 21.3. Estimating shipper yearly emissions from a typology of shippers 328 21.4. Estimating yearly shipper emissions with a model of carbon intensity per tonne shipped 332 21.5. Comparison of carbon intensity per shipper estimated by the two methods 335 21.6. Carbon intensity, carbon efficiency and the impact of a carbon tax on shipper competitiveness 335 21.7. Conclusion 337 21.8. Acknowledgments 338 21.9. Bibliography 338 Part 5. Air Pollution 339 Introduction to Part 5 341 Chapter 22. Impact of FAME Content on the Regeneration Frequency of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) 345 22.1. Introduction 345 22.2. Experimental setup 347 22.3. Test procedure 348 22.4. Results 350 22.5. Conclusions 354 22.6. Acknowledgments 355 22.7. Bibliography 355 Chapter 23. Exhaust Aftertreatment Potentials of Advanced Coupled NSC-SCR System 357 23.1. Introduction 357 23.2. Description of investigated exhaust system and fuel reformer performance 359 23.3. Discussion of results and aftertreatment potentials of investigated exhaust system 363 23.4. Summary 369 23.5. Acknowledgments 370 23.6. Bibliography 370 Chapter 24. Power Controlled Microwave Reactor for the Removal of NOx and SOx from the Exhaust of Marine Diesel Engines 373 24.1. Introduction 373 24.2. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using diesel car engine 375 24.3. MW power control 378 24.4. Non-thermal plasma experimental set-up using 40 kW marine engine 380 24.5. Practical implementation 383 24.6. Conclusions 383 24.7. Bibliography 384 Chapter 25. Quantification of Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport 385 25.1. Introduction 385 25.2. Methodology 386 25.3. Database of road non-exhaust EFs 388 25.4. Conclusions 395 25.5. Acknowledgments 396 25.6. Bibliography 396 Chapter 26. COPERT Micro: a Tool to Calculate Vehicle Emissions in Urban Areas 401 26.1. Introduction 401 26.2. Methodology 402 26.3. Software application 408 26.4. Results and applications 410 26.5. Conclusions 413 26.6. Bibliography 414 Chapter 27. Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Statistics for the Calculation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Road Transport in France 417 27.1. Introduction 417 27.2. Data needed for estimating pollutant emissions from road transports 419 27.3. A typical approach for determining fleet composition 419 27.4. Detailed assumptions and data for France 420 27.5. Comparing different estimations for France 425 27.6. The French vehicle fleet composition: some highlights 427 27.7. Local observations and vehicle fleet variability 429 27.8. Other data required for emission calculation 431 27.9. Discussion and conclusions 432 27.10. Acknowledgments 432 27.11. Bibliography 433 Part 6. Noise and Vibration 435 Introduction to Part 6 437 Chapter 28. AQUO European Collaborative Project – Development of Methods and Indicators for the Assessment of Shipping Noise Footprint on Underwater Environment and Impact on Marine Life 439 28.1. Introduction 439 28.2. Overview of AQUO project 440 28.3. Needs and policies 442 28.4. Noise footprint characterization 445 28.5. Methodology for the derivation of noise mitigation guidelines 450 28.6. Conclusions and ongoing actions 452 28.7. Acknowledgments 453 28.8. Bibliography 453 Chapter 29. Reduction of the Underwater Radiated Noise by Ships: New Shipbuilding Challenge. The Vessels “Ramón Margalef” and “Ángeles Alvariño” as Technological References of How to Build Silent Vessels 455 29.1. Introduction 456 29.2. Case study: “Ramón Margalef” and “Ángeles Alvariño” 461 29.3. Conclusions 470 29.4. Acknowledgments 472 29.5. Bibliography 472 Chapter 30. Mitigation of Ground Vibrations from Freight Trains 475 30.1. Introduction 475 30.2. Vibrations from freight trains 476 30.3. Decomposing the vibration problem 477 30.4. Numerical modeling 478 30.5. Mitigation measure at the source 479 30.6. Mitigation measure in propagation path 485 30.7. Conclusions 489 30.8. Acknowledgements 489 30.9. Bibliography 489 Chapter 31. ACOUTRAIN: Virtual Certification of Acoustic Performance for Freight and Passenger Trains 491 31.1. Introduction 491 31.2. Acoutrain: a European research project 493 31.3. Conclusion 499 31.4. Acknowledgments 500 31.5. Bibliography 500 Chapter 32. Additional Efficient Warning Sounds for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 501 32.1. Introduction 501 32.2. Detectability 502 32.3. Sound meaning 505 32.4. Unpleasantness 508 32.5. Conclusion 509 32.6. Acknowledgments 510 32.7. Bibliography 510 List of Authors 511 Index 519
Michel ANDRÉ and Zissis SAMARAS
Zissis SAMARAS
Gabriele GIUSTINIANI, Luca PERSIA, Heike BARLAG and Norbert VIERHEILIG
Mauro DELL’AMICO, Guido DI PASQUALE, Leandro GUIDOTTI and Pietro MASCOLO
Alessandro LUÈ, Alberto COLORNI and Roberto NOCERINO
Wolfgang BACKHAUS
David MORRIS
Zissis SAMARAS
Nikolaos KYRTATOS
Mario CONTE, Francesco VELLUCCI, Massimo CERAOLO, Peter DAEMON, Giorgio MANTOVANI, Christian NIKLAS, Sophie TINTIGNAC and Giancarlo TROTTI
Heinrich LIENKAMP and Ashok RASTOGI
Paul GRZESCHIK, Hermann-Josef LAUMEN and Udo SCHLEMMER KELLING
Stephen JONES, Arno HUSS, Emre KURAL, Alexander MASSONER, Edoardo MORRA, Christa SIMON, Reinhard TATSCHL and Christian VOCK
Zissis SAMARAS
Michael KRAIL and Wolfgang SCHADE
Anu TUOMINEN, Nina WESSBERG, Anna LEINONEN, Annele EEROLA and Simon BOLWIG
Richard GRIMAL
David Mark STORER, Giorgio MENZATO, Michael KLESCHINSKI, Volker STRUBEL, Bernhard KIENER, Jerzy KALETA, Pawel GASIOR, Wojciech BLAZEJEWSKI, Georg MAIR and Christian GREGOR
Bijan ADL-ZARRABI, Mohammad HOSEINI, York OSTERMEYER and Holger WALLBAUM
Michel ANDRÉ
Wolfgang SCHADE and Michael KRAIL
Inge VIERTH
Petros KATSIS, Thomas PAPAGEORGIOU and Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS
Sven MAERIVOET, Lars AKKERMANS, Kristof CARLIER and Muriel DESAEGER
Alan LEWIS, Verena EHRLER, Heidi AUVINEN, Hedi MAURER, Igor DAVYDENKO, Antje BURMEISTER, Saskia SEIDEL, Andreas LISCHKE and Jan KIEL
Christophe RIZET, Cecilia CRUZ, Matthieu DE LAPPARENT and Martine VROMANT
Michel ANDRÉ
Kenneth D. ROSE, Heather HAMJE, Dimitris KATSAOUNIS, Christos SAMARAS, Savas GEIVANIDIS and Zissis SAMARAS
Thomas WITTKA, Bastian HOLDERBAUM and Thomas KÖRFER
Maysam ABBOD, Radu BELECA, David PEIRCE, Lionel GANIPPA, Nadarajah MANIVANNAN and Wamadeva BALACHANDRAN
Ilias VOUITSIS, Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS, Christos SAMARAS and Zissis SAMARAS
Christos SAMARAS, Leonidas NTZIACHRISTOS and Zissis SAMARAS
Michel ANDRÉ, Marion CARTERET and Anaïs PASQUIER
Michel ANDRÉ
Christian AUDOLY, Céline ROUSSET, Thomas FOLEGOT, Michel ANDRÉ, Lanfranco BENEDETTI and Eric BAUDIN
Publio BELTRÁN PALOMO, Raul SALINAS MULLOR and Alfonso MORENO RODRÍGUEZ
Patrick VANHONACKER and Hamid MASOUMI
Nicolas FURIO, Maria STARNBERG, Estelle BONGINI, David THOMPSON, Ulf ORRENIUS and Nathalie CUNY
Etienne PARIZET, Ryan ROBART, Perceval PONDROM, Jean-Christophe CHAMARD, Guillaume BAUDET, David QUINN, Karl JANSSENS and Manfred HAIDER
Subject Areas: History [HB]
