Empathy
From Perception to Understanding and Feeling Others' Emotions

This Element reviews research on cognitive and affective empathy, highlighting dynamic stimuli, context, gender differences, and biases.

Shir Genzer (Author), Yoad Ben Adiva (Author), Anat Perry (Author)

9781009454148, Cambridge University Press

Hardback, published 21 December 2023

74 pages
23.5 x 15.5 x 0.9 cm, 0.25 kg

Empathy provides a cognitive and emotional bridge that connects individuals and promotes prosocial behavior. People empathize with others via two complementary perceptual routes: Cognitive Empathy or the ability to accurately recognize and understand others' emotional states, and Affective Empathy or the ability to 'feel with' others. This Element reviews past and current research on both cognitive and affective empathy, focusing on behavioral, as well as neuroscientific research. It highlights a recent shift towards more dynamic and complex stimuli which may capture better the nature of real social interaction. It expands on why context is crucial when perceiving others' emotional state, and discusses gender differences, biases affecting our understanding of others, and perception of others in clinical conditions. Lastly, it highlights proposed future directions in the field.

1. Introduction
2. Cognitive empathy
3. Affective empathy
4. Brain networks associated with empathy
5. Gender differences
6. Biases and limitations of empathy
7. Clinical conditions
8. Future directions – where the field is going
9. Conclusion
References.

Subject Areas: Physiological & neuro-psychology, biopsychology [JMM]