1. Ethical and Sustainable Utilisation of Water: Global Scenarios

and Engineering Responsibilities

W. Richard Bowen

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Global Perspectives

1.3 Global Plans

1.4 Engineering Responsibilities

1.5 Membrane Engineering

References

2. Introduction to Membrane Processes for Water Treatment

Rajindar Singh, Nicholas P. Hankins

2.1 Membrane Materials

2.2 Membrane Separation

2.3 Membrane Processes

2.4 Hybrid Membrane Plants 2.5 Membrane Modules

2.6 Membrane Fouling and Control

2.7 Recent Developments and Future Prospects

References

  Section 2: Desalination and Potable Water Puri?cation

3. Forward Osmosis for Sustainable Water Treatment

Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Draw Solutions

3.3 Membranes and Modules

3.4 Applications of FO

3.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

4. Desalination by Membrane Distillation

Julio A. Sanmartino, Mohamed Khayet, M.C. García-Payo

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Membrane Distillation

4.3 Properties of Saline Aqueous Solutions

4.4 MD Desalination

4.5 Energy Consumption and Costs of MD Desalination

4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives in MD

References

5. Sustainable Energy Systems for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination

Philip A. Davies

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Performance Limits

5.3 Performance and Losses in RO Desalination

5.4 Performance of PV Cells and Losses

5.5 RO Systems for Variable-Power Operation

5.6 Thermally Powered RO Systems

5.7 Conclusions and Outlook

List of Abbreviations

Glossary

References

6. Desalination and On-site Energy for Groundwater Treatment in Developing

Countries Using Fuel Cells

Rajindar Singh

6.1 Background

6.2 India’s WatereEnergy Nexus

6.3 FC Technology

6.4 FC Integrated Membrane Desalination

6.5 Zero Liquid Discharge Desalination Processes

6.6 Appropriate Desalination Technology for Remote Regions

6.7 Concluding Remarks

References

7. Ion Exchange Membranes for Water Softening and

High-Recovery Desalination

Malynda A. Cappelle, Thomas A. Davis

7.1 Ion Exchange Materials and Water Softening

7.2 Donnan Dialysis

7.3 ED for Desalination

7.4 Conclusions

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

References

8. Water Treatment by Electromembrane Processes

Nalan Kabay, O€ zgu€r Arar, Samuel Bunani

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Electrodialysis (ED)

8.3 Electrodeionisation (EDI)

8.4 Capacitive Deionisation (CDI)

8.5 Conclusions and Recommendations

List of Abbreviations

Symbols

Subscripts and Superscripts

Greek Symbols

Acknowledgements

References

Section 3: Wastewater Treatment for Reclamation and Reuse

9. Removal of Emerging Contaminants for Water Reuse by Membrane

Technology

Long D. Nghiem, Takahiro Fujioka

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Membrane Technology for Water Reclamation

9.3 NF/RO Separation

9.4 Other Membrane Processes

9.5 Conclusion

References

10. Surfactant and Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment

Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins, Rajindar Singh

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Surfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment

10.3 Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment

10.4 Combined PolymereSurfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment

10.5 Characterisation of Micellar Size

10.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

11. Submerged and Attached Growth Membrane Bioreactors and Forward

Osmosis Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment

Sher Jamal Khan, Nicholas P. Hankins, Li-Cheng Shen

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Biological and Membrane Filtration Processes in MBR

11.3 Membrane Fouling Classi?cation and Mitigation Approaches

11.4 Development of AMBR

11.5 The Forward Osmosis MBR

References

12. Brine Treatment and High Recovery Desalination

J. Gilron

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Energy and Pressure Considerations in High Recovery

12.3 Hybrid Processes to Overcome Salinity Limitations

12.4 Hybrid Processes that Overcome Scaling Problems

12.5 Conclusions

Nomenclature

Greek Symbols

Subscripts

References

Section 4: New Membrane Materials and Applications

13. Development of Hybrid Processes for High Purity Water Production

Rajindar Singh

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Process Technologies

13.3 HPW Applications

13.4 UPW Processes for Advanced Microchips

13.5 Water Reclamation for Reuse

References

14. Biomimetic Membranes for Water Puri?cation and Wastewater Treatment

Chuyang Y. Tang, Zhining Wang, Claus H'elix-Nielsen

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Aquaporins

14.3 Biomimetic Membranes and Their Properties

14.4 Summary and Conclusions

References

15. Novel Graphene Membranes e Theory and Application

Jakob Buchheim, Roman M. Wyss, Chang-Min Kim, Mengmeng Deng, Hyung Gyu Park

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Porous Graphene Fluidics e Mass Transport across Porous Graphene

15.3 Mass Transport across Layered Graphene and Graphene Oxide

15.4 Conclusions

References

16. Nanocomposite and Responsive Membranes for Water Treatment

Sebasti'an Hern'andez, Anthony Saad, Lindell Ormsbee, Dibakar Bhattacharyya

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Responsive Materials

16.3 Nanocomposite Membranes

16.4 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

17. Membrane Fouling, Modelling and Recent Developments for Mitigation

Catalina Alvarado, Kathryn Farris, James Kilduff

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Foulants

17.3 Biological Fouling

17.4 Models for Fouling

17.5 Approaches to Mitigate Fouling

17.6 Concluding Remarks

References