Preface xiii

1 Basic Concepts in Display Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Basic components of a display system 1

1.2 Imaging Concepts 3

1.2.1 Vector-scan and raster-scan systems; pixels and frames 4

1.2.2 Spatial formats vs. resolution; fields 7

1.2.3 Moving images; frame rates 8

1.2.4 Three-dimensional imaging 10

1.3 Transmitting the Image Information 11

2 The Human Visual System 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 The Anatomy of the Eye 14

2.3 Visual Acuity 19

2.4 Dynamic Range and Visual Response 22

2.5 Chromatic Aberrations23

2.6 Stereopsis 24

2.7 Temporal Response and Seeing Motion 25

2.8 Display Ergonomics 30

References 31

3 Fundamentals of Color 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Color Basics 34

3.3 Color Spaces and Color Coordinate Systems 37

3.4 Color Temperature 42

3.5 Standard Illuminants 44

3.6 Color Gamut 45

3.7 Perceptual Uniformity in Color Spaces; the CIE L*u*v* Space 46

3.8 MacAdam Ellipses and MPCDs 48

3.9 The Kelly Chart 49

3.10 Encoding Color 49

4 Display Technologies and Applications 53

4.1 Introduction53

4.2 The CRT Display 55

4.3 Color CRTs 57

4.4 Advantages and Limitations of the CRT 60

4.5 The “Flat Panel” Display Technologies 61

4.6 Liquid-Crystal Displays 64

4.7 Plasma Displays 69

4.8 Electroluminescent (EL) Displays 71

4.9 Organic Light-Emitting Devices (OLEDs) 72

4.10 Field-Emission Displays (FEDs) 73

4.11 Microdisplays 75

4.12 Projection Displays 78

4.12.1 CRT projection 79

4.13 Display Applications 80

5 Practical and Performance Requirements of the Display Interface 83

5.1 Introduction 83

5.2 Practical Channel Capacity Requirements 84

5.3 Compression 86

5.4 Error Correction and Encryption 88

5.5 Physical Channel Bandwidth 89

5.6 Performance Concerns for Analog Connections 92

5.6.1 Cable impedance 92

5.6.2 Shielding and filtering 95

5.6.3 Cable losses 96

5.6.4 Cable termination 98

5.6.5 Connectors 100

5.7 Performance Concerns for Digital Connections 102

6 Basics of Analog and Digital Display Interfaces 105

6.1 Introduction 105

6.2 “Bandwidth” vs. Channel Capacity 106

6.3 Digital and Analog Interfaces with Noisy Channels 107

6.4 Practical Aspects of Digital and Analog Interfaces 109

6.5 Digital vs. Analog Interfacing for Fixed-Format Displays 111

6.6 Digital Interfaces for CRT Displays 112

6.7 The True Advantage of Digital 113

6.8 Performance Measurement of Digital and Analog Interfaces 113

6.8.1 Analog signal parameters and measurement 114

6.8.2 Transmission-line effects and measurements 119

6.8.3 Digital systems 121

7 Format and Timing Standards 123

7.1 Introduction 123

7.2 The Need for Image Format Standards 123

7.3 The Need for Timing Standards 125

7.4 Practical Requirements of Format and Timing Standards 126

7.5 Format and Timing Standard Development 130

7.6 An Overview of Display Format and Timing Standards 131

7.7 Algorithms for Timings – The VESA GTF Standard 135

8 Standards for Analog Video – Part I: Television 139

8.1 Introduction 139

8.2 Early Television Standards 139

8.3 Broadcast Transmission Standards 141

8.4 Closed-Circuit Video; The RS-170 and RS-343 Standards 144

8.5 Color Television 146

8.6 NTSC Color Encoding 147

8.7 PAL Color Encoding 154

8.8 Secam 155

8.9 Relative Performance of the Three Color Systems 156

8.10 Worldwide Channel Standards 157

8.11 Physical Interface Standards for “Television” Video 157

8.11.1 Component vs. composite video interfaces 157

8.11.2 The “RCA Phono” connector 158

8.11.3 The “F” connector 159

8.11.4 The BNC connector 159

8.11.5 The N connector 160

8.11.6 The SMA and SMC connector families 160

8.11.7 The “S-Video”/mini-DIN connector 160

8.11.8 The SCART or “Peritel” connector 161

9 Standards for Analog Video – Part II: The Personal Computer 163

9.1 Introduction 163

9.2 Character-Generator Display Systems 164

9.3 Graphics 165

9.4 Early Personal Computer Displays 166

9.5 The IBM PC 167

9.6 MDA/Hercules 167

9.7 CGA and EGA 168

9.8 VGA – The Video Graphics Array 168

9.9 Signal Standards for PC Video 170

9.10 Workstation Display Standards 173

9.11 The “13W3” Connector 176

9.12 EVC – The VESA Enhanced Video Connector 177

9.13 The Transition to Digital Interfaces 179

9.14 The Future of Analog Display Interfaces 181

10 Digital Display Interface Standards 183

10.1 Introduction 183

10.2 Panel Interface Standards 184

10.3 Lvds/eia- 644 185

10.4 PanelLink ™ and TMDS ™ 188

10.5 Gvif ™ 191

10.6 Digital Monitor Interface Standards 191

10.7 The VESA Plug & Display ™ Standard 191

10.8 The Compaq/VESA Digital Flat Panel Connector – DFP 193

10.9 The Digital Visual Interface ™ 194

10.10 The Apple Display Connector 196

10.11 Digital Television 197

10.12 General-Purpose Digital Interfaces and Video 197

10.13 Future Directions for Digital Display Interfaces 199

11 Additional Interfaces to the Display 203

11.1 Introduction 203

11.2 Display Identification 203

11.3 The VESA Display Information File (VDIF) Standard 205

11.4 The VESA EDID and DDC Standards 207

11.5 ICC Profiles and the sRGB Standard 210

11.6 Display Control 212

11.7 Power Management 213

11.8 The VESA DDC-CI and MCCS Standards 214

11.9 Supplemental General-Purpose Interfaces 216

11.10 The Universal Serial Bus 217

11.11 IEEE-1394/” FireWire TM ” 219

12 The Impact of Digital Television and HDTV 223

12.1 Introduction 223

12.2 A Brief History of HDTV Development 224

12.3 HDTV Formats and Rates 227

12.4 Digital Video Sampling Standards 229

12.4.1 Sampling structure 230

12.4.2 Selection of sampling rate 230

12.4.3 The CCIR-601 standard 231

12.4.4 4:2:0 Sampling 232

12.5 Video Compression Basics 233

12.5.1 The discrete cosine transform (DCT) 235

12.6 Compression of Motion Video 237

12.7 Digital Television Encoding and Transmission 241

12.8 Digital Content Protection 242

12.9 Physical Connection Standards for Digital Television 244

12.10 Digital Cinema 245

12.11 The Future of Digital Video 247

13 New Displays, New Applications, and New Interfaces 249

13.1 Introduction 249

13.2 Color, Resolution, and Bandwidth 251

13.3 Technological Limitations for Displays and Interfaces 253

13.4 Wireless Interfaces 255

13.5 The Virtual Display – Interfaces for HMDs 257

13.6 The Intelligent Display – DPVL and Beyond 259

13.7 Into the Third Dimension 261

13.8 Conclusions 264

Glossary 267

Bibliography, References, and Recommended Further Reading 279

Printed Resources 279

Fundamentals, Human Vision, and Color Science 279

Display Technology 280

Television Broadcast Standards and Digital/High-Definition Television 280

Computer Display Interface Standards 281

Other Interfaces and Standards 281

On-Line Resources 281

Standards Organizations and Similar Groups 282

Other Recommended On-Line Resources 283

Index 285