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Designing cdma2000 Systems
Leonhard Korowajczuk (Author), Bruno de Souza Abreu Xavier (Author), Arlindo Villaschi Filho (Author), Leila Zurba Ribeiro (Author), Cristine Korowajczuk (Author), Luiz A. DaSilva (Author)
9780470853993, Wiley
Hardback, published 25 February 2004
944 pages
24.8 x 17.6 x 5.6 cm, 1.673 kg
CDMA is the second most widely deployed technology in the world with more than 100 million subscribers worldwide and is projected to reach 280 million subscribers by 2006. CDMA technology is complex to design due to its inherent adaptive characteristic and the introduction of data requires a complete new way of analysing the network from traffic characteristics to performance requirements. The authors bring a wealth of experience in developing solutions for wireless design at CelPlan Technologies, Inc. since 1992. They followed up the evolution of the wireless technology providing innovative solutions at each step. In this book they summarize the description of the CDMA 2000 technology, revisit basic design concepts and propose new solutions to design and optimise these complex networks. Many of the design issues covered in this book apply also to the novel WCDMA networks that are proposed as the evolution of GSM networks. Designing CDMA 2000 Systems: Designing CDMA 2000 Systems is highly relevant for engineers involved in the design or operation of CDMA systems, as well as providing a broad understanding of the area for researchers, professors and students in the field
CDMA 2000 1x was deployed in year 2000 and CDMA 2000 1xEVDO is being deployed this year.
CDMA 2000 is the natural migration for CDMA IS-95 networks and some of the TDMA networks.
Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv About the Authors xvii 1 Introduction to Spread Spectrum Systems 1 1.1 Multiple Access Techniques 1 1.2 The Spread Spectrum Concept 2 1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques 5 1.3.1 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 5 1.3.2 Direct-Sequence Spectrum Spreading 6 1.4 Processing Gain P G 8 1.4.1 Processing Gain in Frequency-Hopping Systems 9 1.4.2 Processing Gain for Direct-Sequence Systems 10 1.5 Spreading and De-spreading of the DS-CDMA Signal 10 Bibliography and References 14 2 CDMA Evolution 15 2.1 CDMA Standards and Evolution 15 2.1.1 Third Generation Systems Structure 21 2.2 CDMA Timeline 27 2.3 Evolution of CDMA Standards 30 2.3.1 Is- 95 30 2.3.2 cdma 2000 34 2.3.3 cdma2000-1X EVDO Systems 42 2.3.4 cdma2000-1X EVDV Systems 45 Bibliography and References 49 3 Codes and Sequences 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Maximal Length Sequences 52 3.2.1 Correlation Characteristics of Spread Spectrum Systems 55 3.2.2 Short PN Sequences (PN-I and PN-Q) 59 3.2.3 Long Code or PNLC (Long PN Sequence) 61 3.3 Walsh Sequences 63 3.3.1 Walsh Codes in Multiplexing and Spectrum Spreading 68 3.3.2 Walsh Codes in IS-95 Systems 71 3.3.3 Walsh Codes in cdma2000 Systems 73 3.4 Quasi-Orthogonal Function 73 Bibliography and References 75 4 Forward Link Channels 77 4.1 Forward Link Channel Structure in IS-95 CDMA Systems 77 4.1.1 Phase, Quadrature and Carrier Modulation 77 4.1.2 Forward Pilot Channel 80 4.1.3 Synchronisation Channel 81 4.1.4 Forward Paging Channels 86 4.1.5 Forward Traffic Channels 93 4.2 Forward Link Channel Structure in cdma2000 Systems 110 4.2.1 Forward Pilot Channels 111 4.2.2 Synchronisation Channel 115 4.2.3 Forward Paging Channels 122 4.2.4 Forward Common Control Channel 125 4.2.5 Forward Broadcast Control Channel (BCCh or FBCCh) 137 4.2.6 Quick Paging Channel 141 4.2.7 Common Power Control Channel (CPCCh) 144 4.2.8 Common Assignment Channel (CACh) 149 4.2.9 Forward Fundamental Channel 152 4.2.10 Forward Dedicated Control Channel 163 4.2.11 Forward Supplemental Channel 167 4.2.12 Forward Supplemental Code Channel 180 Bibliography and References 185 5 Reverse Link Channels 187 5.1 CDMA IS-95 Reverse Link Channel Structure 187 5.1.1 Reverse Traffic Channel (RTCh) 187 5.1.2 Reverse Access Channel 203 5.2 cdma2000 Reverse Link Channel Structures 207 5.2.1 Reverse Pilot Channel (RPiCh) 207 5.2.2 Reverse Access Channel (RACh) 214 5.2.3 Enhanced Access Channels (EACh) 215 5.2.4 Reverse Common Control Channels (RCCCh) 220 5.2.5 Reverse Fundamental Channel 223 5.2.6 Reverse Dedicated Control Channels (RDCChs) 228 5.2.7 Reverse Supplemental Channels (RSCh) 230 5.2.8 Reverse Supplemental Code Channels (RSCCh) 234 Bibliography and References 236 6 Call Processing in CDMA Systems 239 6.1 Introduction 239 6.2 Call Processing 239 6.2.1 Mobile Station Initialisation State 241 6.2.2 Mobile Station Idle State 248 6.2.3 System Access State 253 6.2.4 Mobile Station Control in the Traffic Channel State 262 6.3 Messages Exchanged during Call Establishment 267 6.3.1 MS Originated Call Scenario 267 6.3.2 MS Terminated Call Scenario 267 6.3.3 Call Processing Scenario During Soft Handoff 270 6.3.4 Priority Access and Channel Assignment Procedure 270 6.4 Registration 271 6.4.1 System Zones 271 6.4.2 User Zones 272 6.5 Roaming 273 6.6 The Authentication Process 274 6.6.1 Air Interface Parameters 274 6.6.2 Secure Parameters 278 6.6.3 Cellular Algorithms for Validation and Encryption 280 6.6.4 The Authentication Process 281 Bibliography and References 290 7 Power Control, Handoff and Radio Resource Management 291 7.1 Introduction 291 7.1.1 Overview of Power Control in CDMA IS-95 Systems 293 7.1.2 Overview of Power Control in cdma2000 Systems 293 7.2 Main Characteristics of Power Control in the System Access State 294 7.2.1 Power Control in the System Access State for CDMA IS-95 Systems 298 7.2.2 Power Control in the System Access State for cdma2000 Systems 299 7.3 Power Control in Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State 306 7.3.1 Power Control in Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State for CDMA IS-95 Systems 306 7.3.2 Power Control in Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State for cdma2000 Systems 312 7.4 Introduction to Handoff Processes 317 7.5 Maintenance of Pilot Sets 318 7.5.1 Handoff Process Example for CDMA IS-95 systems 324 7.5.2 Handoff Process for cdma2000 Systems 326 7.6 Handoff Types 329 7.6.1 Soft Handoff 329 7.6.2 Hard Handoff 333 7.6.3 CDMA-to-Analogue Handoff 335 7.6.4 Analogue-to-CDMA Hard Handoff Process 337 7.6.5 Idle Handoff 337 7.6.6 Access Handoff and Access Probe Handoff 337 7.6.7 Softer Handoff 338 7.7 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 339 7.7.1 Logical Channels General Configuration Characteristics 340 7.7.2 Possible Walsh Code Allocation Conflicts 343 7.7.3 RF Engineering for Data Users 345 Bibliography and References 349 8 EVDO and EVDV 351 8.1 EVDO Requirements (IS-856) 351 8.1.1 General Requirements 352 8.1.2 Data Rate Requirements 352 8.1.3 Radio Environment Requirements 352 8.1.4 Inter-operability Support Requirements 354 8.1.5 Authentication Support Requirements 354 8.2 EVDV Requirements (R.S0026) 355 8.2.1 General Requirements 355 8.2.2 Data Rate Requirements 356 8.2.3 Radio Environment Requirements 357 8.2.4 Compatibility Requirements 357 8.2.5 Inter-operability Support Requirements 357 8.3 EVDO Reference Model 357 8.3.1 Architecture Reference Model 357 8.3.2 Protocols 358 8.3.3 CDMA System Time 394 8.3.4 Synchronisation and Timing 396 8.4 Channel Structure 397 8.4.1 Reverse Link Channels 399 8.4.2 Forward Link Channels 423 8.5 Air Interface Encoding 438 8.5.1 Frame Check Sum 438 8.5.2 Turbo Encoding 440 8.5.3 Channel Interleaving 444 8.5.4 Access Terminal Common Short-Code PN Sequences 446 8.5.5 Long Codes 446 8.6 Modulation/Encoding 447 8.6.1 Orthogonal Encoding 447 8.6.2 Bi-orthogonal Encoding 447 8.6.3 64-ary Encoding 448 8.6.4 Symbol Modulation 448 8.7 Power Control 450 8.7.1 Open-Loop Estimation 453 8.7.2 Closed-Loop Correction 456 8.8 Scheduling 457 8.8.1 Throughput Optimisation 458 8.8.2 Spectral Efficiency 459 8.8.3 Re-transmission Algorithm (HARQ) 461 Bibliography and References 467 9 Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals 469 9.1 Design Principles 469 9.1.1 Communication Channel Capacity 471 9.1.2 Technology Performance 478 9.2 CDMA Equipment Block Diagram 479 9.2.1 Network Block Diagram Description 482 9.3 Transmit Stage 506 9.3.1 Source Coding 506 9.3.2 Multiplexing and Multiple Access in DS-CDMA 513 9.3.3 Modulator and Coder 539 9.3.4 Power Amplifier (PA) and Combiner 553 9.3.5 Transmission Line 559 9.3.6 Transmit Antenna 567 9.4 Channel 581 9.4.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Propagation 581 9.4.2 RF Propagation Predictions 609 9.4.3 Signal, Noise and Interference as seen by the Receive Stage 667 9.5 Link Management 679 9.5.1 Handoff 679 9.5.2 Power Control 686 9.5.3 Resource Management 689 9.6 Receive Stage 690 9.6.1 Receive Antenna 690 9.6.2 Reception (Rx) Line 690 9.6.3 Receiver 693 9.6.4 Demodulator and Decoder 696 9.6.5 Source Decoding 728 Bibliography and References 730 10 Network Design 733 10.1 Network Design Flow 733 10.1.1 Service and Market Definition 733 10.1.2 Demand Characterisation 733 10.1.3 CAPEX and OPEX 735 10.1.4 Coverage Design and Propagation Characterisation 735 10.1.5 Network Enhancement 735 10.1.6 Network Parameter Planning 735 10.1.7 Service Simulation and Network Dimensioning 736 10.1.8 Dimensioning 736 10.1.9 Relationship Matrix 736 10.1.10 Resource Planning 736 10.1.11 Quality Performance Analysis 736 10.1.12 Performance Comparison 737 10.1.13 Performance 737 10.2 Databases 737 10.2.1 GIS Database 737 10.2.2 Network Databases 757 10.3 Regions Database 758 10.4 Service Classes 758 10.4.1 Service Type 759 10.4.2 Mobile Terminal Type 762 10.4.3 Environment 763 10.5 User Distribution 765 10.5.1 Demographics 765 10.5.2 Switch Traffic Date 770 10.5.3 Multiple Traffic Layers 771 10.6 Link Budget 776 10.6.1 Reverse Link Budget for Voice 776 10.6.2 Forward Link Budget for Voice 787 10.6.3 Link Balance 795 10.6.4 3G Voice and Data Networks 795 10.7 Signal Strength Predictions 818 10.8 Call Placement Simulation 818 10.8.1 Call Placement Simulation Types 820 10.9 Composite Predictions 821 10.10 Network Enhancement 838 10.11 Network Optimisation 839 10.12 Network Performance 839 10.13 Conclusion 841 Bibliography and References 841 11 Traffic Dimensioning 843 11.1 Introduction 843 11.2 Demand Characterisation 844 11.2.1 Market and Product Definition 845 11.2.2 Traffic Modelling 849 11.2.3 Geographical Traffic Characterisation 859 11.3 Traffic Simulation 872 11.3.1 Traffic Simulation Input 873 11.3.2 Reproducing Traffic Offered to the System 880 11.3.3 Simulating System Operation 882 11.3.4 The Dimensioning Loop 886 11.4 Performance Analysis 888 11.5 Summary 893 Appendix A - Link Load and Noise Rise 894 Appendix B - Capacity Dependence on User Mix 897 Bibliography and References 898 Acronyms 901 Index 909
Subject Areas: Electronics & communications engineering [TJ]
