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Data-to-Information Handbook
Building Effective Display Systems for Refining Processes
Ike Brackin (Author), Mark J. Nixon (Author), Dave Strobhar (Author)
9781394402458, Wiley
Hardback, published 11 June 2026
256 pages
25.6 x 18.3 x 2 cm, 0.68 kg
Transform process data into actionable information??using proven design principles Data-to-Information Handbook: Building Effective Display Systems for Refining Processes is a practical guide for designing human-machine interfaces (HMIs) that transform raw data into clear, actionable information. Written by experts with extensive experience in control systems and operator performance, the book is grounded in the IEC 63303 and ISA-101 standards and offers comprehensive guidance on creating effective display systems that enhance operator decision-making and reduce uncertainty in continuous process environments. The handbook explains display design principles and examples from continuous process plants across multiple industries. It specifies the information needed at each hierarchy level for major equipment and sections, with detailed representations for refinery processes. The book delivers three key applications: designing new systems, evaluating existing ones, and generating practical improvement concepts. The book also: The Data-to-Information Handbook is essential for project engineers, process automation engineers, display designers, and operators working in continuous process industries. Practitioners will learn to design displays that significantly improve operator confidence, reduce uncertainty, and support better decision-making in control rooms across refining, chemical, and related industries.
List of Figures xiv List of Tables xix About the Book xxi About the Authors xxii Acknowledgments xxiv 1 What’s in this Handbook? 1 1.1 Overview 1 Review Questions/Exercises 2 Reference 2 2 How to Use this Handbook 3 2.1 Overview 3 Review Questions/Exercises 4 References 4 3 Display Design Process 5 3.1 Purpose 5 3.2 Basic Principles 6 3.3 Overall 6 3.4 Steps 7 3.4.1 Determine the Content 7 3.4.2 Identify the Constraints 7 3.4.3 Determine the Display Style 7 3.4.4 Create the Design Concept 8 Review Questions/Exercises 8 Reference 9 4 Characteristics of Human Information Processing 11 4.1 Short-Term Memory 11 4.1.1 Example 12 4.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 14 4.2.1 Example 15 4.3 Patterns/Emergent Features 16 4.3.1 Example 16 4.4 Display Proximity 17 4.4.1 Example 17 4.5 Processing Rates 18 4.6 Absence of Cues 19 4.7 Object Integration 19 4.7.1 Example 20 4.8 User Capability 20 4.9 Consistency 21 4.10 Summary of Key Human Factors 22 Review Questions/Exercises 23 References 23 5 Types of Data 25 5.1 Raw Data 25 5.2 Static Data 26 5.3 Composite Data 26 5.4 Data Scaling and Normalization 26 Review Questions/Exercises 27 6 Data Representation 29 6.1 Overview 29 6.2 Qualitative Representation 30 6.2.1 Analog 30 6.2.2 Trend 31 6.2.3 Radar Plots 32 6.3 Quantitative Representation 33 6.4 Data Coding 33 6.4.1 Color 34 6.4.2 Shape 34 6.4.3 Alphanumeric 34 6.4.4 Position 34 Review Questions/Exercises 35 References 35 7 Display Levels and Types 37 7.1 Overview 37 7.2 Display Levels 37 7.2.1 Level 1 (L1) – COSA Graphics 38 7.2.2 Level 2 (L2) 38 7.2.3 Level 3 (L3) 38 7.2.4 Special-Purpose Displays (L4) 40 7.3 Number of Displays 40 7.4 Display Styles 45 Review Questions/Exercises 45 References 45 8 Arranging Elements 47 8.1 Overview 47 8.2 Closure 47 8.3 Emergent Features 48 8.3.1 Arrangement of Dials for Emergent Features 48 8.3.2 Arrangement of Analog Bars for Emergent Features 49 8.3.3 Normalizing for Emergent Features 49 8.3.4 Graphic Layout for Emergent Features 49 8.4 Displaying Information Logically 50 8.5 Comparing Related Items in Tabular Format 50 Review Questions/Exercises 51 Reference 51 9 Content Determination 53 9.1 Description 53 9.2 Top-Down Methods 53 9.2.1 Idef 53 9.2.2 Cta 55 9.2.3 Application of Top-Down Techniques 55 9.2.3.1 Desalter Description 55 9.2.3.2 Applying CTA to a Desalter 56 9.2.3.3 Applying IDEF to a Desalter 57 9.3 Bottom-Up Methods 58 9.4 Output 59 Review Questions/Exercises 59 References 59 10 Rudimentary Process Equipment 61 10.1 Overview 61 10.2 Blowers 61 10.2.1 Description 61 10.2.2 Key Parameters 62 10.2.3 L1 Display 62 10.2.4 L2 Display 63 10.2.5 L3 Display 63 10.3 Compressors 64 10.3.1 Description 64 10.3.2 Key Parameters 64 10.3.3 L1 Display 66 10.3.4 L2 Display 68 10.3.5 L3 Display 68 10.4 Heat Exchangers 68 10.4.1 Description 68 10.4.2 Key Parameters 68 10.4.3 L1 Display 68 10.4.4 L2 Display 71 10.4.5 L3 Display – Steam Reboiler 71 10.4.6 L3 Display – Fin Fan 71 10.4.7 L3 Display – Condenser/Waste Heat Boiler (WHB) 71 10.4.8 L3 Display – Bypass 72 10.5 Pumps 72 10.5.1 Key Parameters 73 10.5.2 L1 Display 73 10.5.3 L2 Display 73 10.5.4 L3 Display 74 10.6 Rotating Equipment Drivers 74 10.6.1 Key Parameters 74 10.6.2 L3 Display – Turbine 74 10.7 Valves 76 10.7.1 Description 76 10.7.1.1 On-Off Valves 76 10.7.1.2 Motor-Operated Valves 77 10.7.1.3 Modulating Valves 77 10.7.2 Key Parameters 77 10.8 Common Equipment Summary 77 Review Questions/Exercises 80 Reference 80 11 Major Pieces of Equipment 81 11.1 Boilers 81 11.1.1 Description 81 11.1.2 Key Parameters 81 11.1.3 L1 Display 82 11.1.4 L2 Display 82 11.1.5 L3 Display 82 11.2 Desalters 82 11.2.1 Description 82 11.2.2 Key Parameters 82 11.2.3 L1 Display 86 11.2.4 L2 Display 86 11.2.5 L3 Display 86 11.3 Distillation Columns (Simple Distillation) 86 11.3.1 Description 86 11.3.2 Key Parameters 86 11.3.3 L1 Display 86 11.3.4 L2 Display 91 11.3.5 L3 Display 91 11.4 Fired Heaters 92 11.4.1 Description 92 11.4.2 Key Parameters 92 11.4.3 L1 Display 95 11.4.4 L2 Display 95 11.4.5 L3 Display 95 11.5 Fixed-Bed Reactors and Dryers 97 11.5.1 Description 97 11.5.2 Key Parameters 97 11.5.3 L1 Display 97 11.5.4 L2 Displays 97 11.5.5 L3 Displays 100 11.6 Fractionators (Complex Distillation) 100 11.6.1 Description 100 11.6.2 Key Parameters 100 11.6.3 L1 Display 100 11.6.4 L2 Display 100 11.6.5 L3 Display 102 11.7 Tanks (Sphere, Fixed Roof, and Floating Roof) 105 11.7.1 Description 105 11.7.2 Key Parameters 105 11.7.3 L1 Display 105 11.7.4 L2 Display 105 11.7.5 L3 Display 108 11.8 Vessels (Accumulators, Surge Drums, and Other Types) 108 11.8.1 Description 108 11.8.2 Key Parameters 108 11.8.3 L1 Display 108 11.8.4 L2 Displays 109 Review Questions/Exercises 109 12 Refinery Units 111 12.1 Overview 111 12.1.1 Refinery Overview 111 12.1.2 Building Displays 112 12.2 Crude/Vacuum Unit 114 12.2.1 Description 114 12.2.2 Key Parameters 115 12.2.3 L1 Display 116 12.2.4 L2 Display 116 12.3 Delayed Coking 120 12.3.1 Description 120 12.3.2 Key Parameters 120 12.3.3 L1 Display 121 12.3.4 L2 Display 122 12.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 124 12.4.1 Description 124 12.4.2 Key Parameters 125 12.4.3 L1 Display 125 12.4.4 L2 Display 125 12.5 Hydrotreating 129 12.5.1 Description 129 12.5.2 Key Parameters and Control 131 12.5.3 L1 Display 132 12.5.4 L2 Display 132 12.6 Naphtha Reforming 133 12.6.1 Description 133 12.6.2 Key Parameters and Control 134 12.6.3 L1 Display 136 12.6.4 L2 Display 136 12.7 Hydrocracking 137 12.7.1 Description 137 12.7.2 Key Parameters and Control 139 12.7.3 L1 Display 139 12.7.4 L2 Display 139 12.8 Amine Gas Treating 142 12.8.1 Description 142 12.8.2 Key Parameters and Control 144 12.8.3 L1 Display 146 12.8.4 L2 Display 146 12.9 Alkylation Unit 146 12.9.1 Description 146 12.9.2 HF Alkylation 146 12.9.2.1 L1 Display 147 12.9.2.2 L2 Display 147 12.9.3 Sulfuric Acid (H 2 SO 4)Alkylation 148 12.9.3.1 L1 Display 150 12.9.3.2 L2 Display 150 12.10 Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU) and Tail Gas Treating Unit (TGTU) 151 12.10.1 Description 151 12.10.2 Key Parameters and Control 153 12.10.3 L1 Display 157 12.10.4 L2 Display 157 12.11 Flare/Flare Gas Recovery 157 12.11.1 Description 157 12.11.2 Key Parameters and Control 160 12.11.3 L1 Display 162 12.11.4 L2 Display 162 12.12 Product Blender 162 12.12.1 Description 162 12.12.2 Key Parameters and Control 165 12.12.3 L1 Display 165 12.12.4 L2 Display 165 Review Questions/Exercises 165 References 166 13 Special-Purpose Displays 167 13.1 Overview 167 13.2 Area Monitoring 167 13.3 Pumps 169 13.4 Emergency Block/Isolation Valves 173 13.5 Start-up/Shutdown 173 13.6 SISs 173 13.7 Apc 175 13.8 Vibration/Bearing Temperatures (Bentley-Nevada) 175 Review Questions/Exercises 175 Appendix A Applying Styles on a Specific Project 177 A. 1 Overview 177 A. 2 Workspace and Screen Layout 177 A.2. 1 Screen Size and Resolution 177 A.. 2 Number of Monitors 177 A.2. 3 Screen Zones 177 A.2. 4 System Toolbar 179 A.2. 5 Navigation Menu 179 A.2. 6 Widgets Area 179 A.2. 7 Alarm and Status Banner 180 A.2. 8 Faceplates 180 A.2. 9 Operating Window 181 A. 3 Displaying Visual Information 181 A.3. 1 Global Definitions 181 A.3. 2 Color Usage and Definition 181 A.. 3 Screen Background Colors 181 A.3. 4 Static Object Colors 182 A.3. 5 Dynamic Object Colors 183 A.3. 6 Alphanumeric Characters 183 A.3. 7 Alphanumeric Status Indication 184 A.3. 8 Data Bar 184 A.3. 9 Dynamic Values 185 A.3. 10 Lines 185 A. 4 Common Shape Behaviors 187 A.4. 1 Target and Selection Box 187 A.4. 2 Mouse Over 188 A.4.3 Mouse Click Functionality 188 References 188 Appendix B Designing the Graphics 189 B.1 Design Process 189 B.2 Determining the Content 189 B.2.1 Decision Mapping 189 B.2.2 Storyboarding 191 B.2.3 Storytelling 193 B.2.4 Determining Leading Indicators 194 B.3 Encoding Data Values 196 B.4 Determining Where to Display Values 196 B.5 Determining the Best Design for Remaining Objects 197 B.6 Determining the Importance of Information 197 References 197 Appendix C Cognitive Task Analysis 199 C.1 Overview 199 C.2 Fired Heater 200 C.3 Distillation and Fractionating Columns 200 C.4 Heat Exchanger 200 References 203 Appendix D Evaluating Graphics 205 D.1 Introduction 205 D.2 Clutter Coefficient and Visual Search 205 References 207 Appendix E Answers to Questions/Exercises 209 Appendix F Parameter Tag Names 215 F.1 Overview 215 F.2 Common First Letter in Tag 216 Reference 216 Glossary 217 Abbreviations 219 Bibliography 225 Index 227
Subject Areas: Mechanical engineering & materials [TG]
