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Comparative Theology
Deep Learning Across Religious Borders

“It succeeds in a magisterial way: the book provides the first history of the discipline, exposits the approaches of its major players, discusses issues of methodology, sets directions for the development of the discipline, and carefully notes its strengths and limitations … This book will be the standard introduction for comparative theologians. And it is a persuasive answer to anyone who thinks that comparison muddies confessional truth.”
–Robert Cummings Neville, Boston University

"This will be a definitive text which introduces and exemplifies the discipline of comparative theology, as an important part of theology and the study of religions. It's an original and scholarly book, and deserves to be widely read."
–Keith Ward, University of Oxford

Francis X. Clooney (Author)

9781405179744, Wiley

Paperback / softback, published 16 March 2010

208 pages
21.6 x 14 x 1.2 cm, 0.227 kg

“This marvelous book should stand as an invitation to many. I very much hope that it is taken up.”  (Harvard
Theological Review
, 1 April 2012)

“In this context, Comparative Theology is a timely publication.”  (Teaching Theology, 2012)

"There is much to admire in this short but insightful book - not least the background that Clooney sketches: the genealogy of the term ‘comparative theology' and the summary of various contemporary comparativists, from Raimon Pannikkar, Robert Neville and Keith Ward to a whole school of younger scholars which is beginning to emerge, especially in the United States." (The Way,1 April 2011)

"It's a fascinating book, all the same. I warmly recommend it ." (Theology, 1 March 2011)

"Comparative Theology will be of interest to people looking for a method for interfaith dialogue that affirms the value of one's theological commitments and could serve well as a textbook for courses exploring interfaith theological discourse." (Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 1 January 2011)

"But as this volume suggests, our interreligious milieu provides a new impetus not just for learning about our neighbors' faiths but learning from them. Francis X. Clooney, S.J., is a most trustworthy guide." (The National Catholic Weekly, September 2010)

"Clooney's book thus provides an extremely needful, as well as accessible, contribution to the furthering of this developing discipline, and as such it is a very valuable piece of scholarship." (American Theological Inquiry, July 2010)

Drawing upon the author’s three decades of work in comparative theology, this is a pertinent and comprehensive introduction to the field, which offers a clear guide to the reader, enabling them to engage in comparative study.

  • The author has three decades of experience of work in the field of comparative theology and is ideally placed to write this book
  • Today’s increasing religious diversity makes this a pertinent and timely publication
  • Unique in the depth of its introduction and explanation of the discipline of ‘comparative theology’
  • Provides examples of how comparative theology works in the new global context of human religiosity
  • Draws on examples specific to Hindu-Christian studies to show how it is possible to understand more deeply the wider diversity around us.
  • Clearly guides the reader, enabling them to engage in comparative study

Preface and Acknowledgments xi

Part I Starting Points 1

1 Religious Diversity and Comparative Theology 3

Diversity around Us 4

Diversity within Us 6

Comparative Theology as a Response to Twenty-first-Century Religious Diversity 8

Distinguishing Comparative Theology from Related Disciplines 9

Comparative Theology and the Academic Study of Religions 12

Comparative Theology and Interreligious Dialogue 13

Comparative Theology and the Theology of Religions 14

Comparative Theology Autobiographically Grounded 16

On the Limits of This Book 19

Looking Ahead 22

2 In Generations Past: Some Ancestors to Today’s Comparative Theology 24

Comparative Theology and the Long History of Christian Interreligious Reflection 24

Western Jesuit Scholars in India 27

Comparative Theology as a Discipline (1699–) 30

A Moderate Criticism of Missionary Scholarship and the Older Comparative Theology 35

At the End of the Era 37

3 Comparative Theology Today 41

 David Tracy 42

 Keith Ward 43

 Robert C. Neville 45

 A Note on Raimon Panikkar 47

 James Fredericks 49

 New Directions 50

 From Theory (Back) to Practice 52

Part II Doing Theology Comparatively 55

4 From Theory to Practice 57

 The Practice of (Comparative) Religious Reading 57

 Intelligent Reading 59

 Commentary as a Religious Practice 60

 Interreligious Commentary 63

 Leaving Room for Other Readers and Their Readings 66

 Necessarily Elite Choices 67

5 Getting Particular: A Christian Studies Hinduism 69

 The Importance of Focus 69

 (Self)Identifying This Particular Comparative Theologian 70

 Making a Map, Marking the Field:

 Hinduism in Brief 70

 Getting Particular: Mimamsa, Vedanta, and Srivaisnavism 74

 Appreciating Similarities 75

 Theistic Hinduism as a Useful and Comfortable Focus 77

 Theology as a Hindu Discipline 78

 Comparative Theology in Hinduism and Other Traditions 80

My Comparative Theology, Indebted to Hindu Theologies 83

6 “Learning to See”: Comparative Practice and the Widening of Theological Vision 87

 Plenary Address at the Catholic Theology Society of America, 2003 88

 Near a Goddess 88

 Devi’s Beauty, Devi’s Pleasure 90

 Rediscovering Mary 93

 Mary and Her Son Jesus, through Muslim Eyes 96

 Sojourner Truth’s Liberating God 99

 All in Christ, but Still All 103

 Vocation 105

 After “Learning to See” 106

Part III The Fruits of Comparison 109

7 Theology After Comparison 111

 Comparative Theology and the Larger Work of Theology 111

 The Multiple Responsibilities of the Comparative Theologian 113

 Some Theological Presuppositions Implicit in Comparative Theology 114

 Comparative Theological Learning, in Particular 117

 The Imago Dei and Our Destiny in Bliss 118

 What “Narayana” Might Mean for the Christian 121

 Encountering Goddesses 123

 Comparative Theology and the Intensification of Devotion 125

 Theology on a Smaller Scale 127

8 “God for Us” 128

“God for Us”: An Essay 128

 A Verse, a Clue 129

 What Hindus Thought about the Verse 130

 Living the Verse 132

The Verse and Its Wider Context 133

 An Aside on How to See God and on How God Wills to Be Seen 135

 Noticing One’s First Citizenship: Reflection on Ignatian Insight and My Home Citizenship 139

 What Ignatius Had to Say 140

 Some Contemporary Views of the Intensification and Emptying of the Imagination in the Spiritual Exercises 143

 Multiple Religious Belonging, Human but Also Divine 146

 “God for Us” as Comparative Theology 151

9 Comparative Writer, Comparative Reader 154

 The Comparative Theologian Transformed 155

 The Comparative Theologian as Marginal Person 157

 The Comparative Theologian’s New Community 160

 Tasks and Opportunities for the Reader 162

 Beyond This Book 164

Notes 166

Select Bibliography 172

Index 177

Subject Areas: Religion & beliefs [HR]

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