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Communities for Clean Energy Justice and Equity in Grid Modernization
Mohammadreza Daneshvar (Edited by), Daneshvar (Author), Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo (Edited by), Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam (Edited by)
9781394265718, Wiley
Hardback, published 22 July 2025
688 pages
28 x 19 x 2.7 cm, 1.17 kg
Comprehensive blueprint to understand, develop, and implement clean energy initiatives and achieve energy justice and equity worldwide Communities for Clean Energy Justice and Equity in Grid Modernization presents fundamental theories, technologies, and solutions for real-world problems in the operation and planning of clean, safe, resilient, and efficient energy communities that deliver energy justice and equity. The initial chapters of the book focus on conceptual requirements, emphasizing the definition, structure, features, and challenges of promoting energy justice and equity through the coordinated operation of clean energy communities. Subsequent chapters explore potential technologies and systems to achieve these objectives, examining functionalities in modern energy grids, including self-healing systems, sustainable energy networks, and intelligent, multidimensional communities of agents. Edited by a team of highly qualified experts, the book explores additional topics including: Communities for Clean Energy Justice and Equity in Grid Modernization is an essential reference on the subject for electrical, mechanical, civil, architectural, and environmental engineers, along with professionals working in power and energy utility companies and policy makers seeking a holistic understanding of the subject.
About the Editors xix List of Contributors xxiii Preface xxix 1 Energy Justice and Equity for the Sustainable Development of Modern Energy Grids 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Justice and Equity for Sustainable Development 2 1.2.1 Economic Rights 3 1.2.2 Environmental Rights 4 1.2.3 Social Rights 5 1.3 Energy-Poverty Nexus in Energy Justice and Equity 5 1.4 Summary 8 References 8 2 Importance of Energy Justice and Equity in Grid Modernization 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.1.1 Motivation 11 2.1.2 Background 12 2.1.3 Contributions 14 2.1.4 Chapter Organization 15 2.2 Grid Modernization 15 2.2.1 Smart Grid 16 2.2.2 Renewable Energy Integration 18 2.2.3 Energy Storage System 20 2.2.4 Data Analytics 21 2.3 Energy Justice 22 2.3.1 Distributive Justice 23 2.3.2 Recognition Justice 25 2.3.3 Procedural Justice 26 2.4 Just Transition: From Environmental to Energy Justice 28 2.4.1 Just Transition and Environmental Movements 29 2.4.2 History of the Energy Justice Movement 31 2.5 Challenges of Transition to Energy Justice 33 2.6 Modernizing Energy: A Catalyst for Energy Justice 36 2.6.1 Democratizing Access to Energy Resources 37 2.6.2 Addressing Energy Poverty 37 2.6.3 Improvement of Environmental Justice 37 2.6.4 Engagement and Increased Community Empowerment 38 2.7 Impact of Energy Justice on Grid Modernization Aspects 39 2.7.1 Hardware Upgrades 39 2.7.2 Security Enhancements 40 2.7.3 Redundancy and High Availability 40 2.7.4 Performance Optimization 40 2.7.5 Monitoring and Management 41 2.8 Energy Justice and the Adoption of Innovative Technologies 41 2.9 Conclusion 43 Abbreviations 44 References 44 3 Decision-Making Tools for Advancing Clean Energy Justice and Equity with Supply Chain and Project Management 51 Acronyms 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.1.1 Motivation 52 3.1.2 Background 54 3.1.3 Research Gap 55 3.1.4 Contributions 56 3.1.5 Objectives 57 3.2 Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 57 3.3 Types of Decision Tools 59 3.4 Data Collection and Assessment of Different Countries 64 3.5 Energy Equity and Justice of Each Renewable Energy Source in India 68 3.6 Role of Supply Chain Management in the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 77 3.7 Role of Project Management in the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 80 3.8 Impact of Management Program on the Clean Energy Equity and Justice 82 3.9 SWOT Analysis 84 3.10 Renewable Energy Equity and Justice Matrix 86 3.11 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgment 88 References 88 4 Multi-energy Community Structure for Energy Justice and Equity 91 Nomenclature 91 4.1 Introduction 93 4.1.1 Motivation and Background 94 4.1.2 Challenges and Opportunities 98 4.1.2.1 Challenges 98 4.1.2.2 Opportunities 98 4.1.3 Contributions 99 4.2 Energy Communities 100 4.2.1 Definition 101 4.2.2 Implementation 102 4.2.3 Socio-Techno-Economic-Environmental Aspects 103 4.2.4 Behavior and Preference of End Users 104 4.3 Multi-energy Communities 105 4.3.1 Components of a Multi-career System 108 4.3.2 Structure of the Multi-energy Community 108 4.4 Energy Justice and Equity in Multi-energy Communities 109 4.4.1 Definition of Energy Justice and Equity 111 4.4.2 Energy Poverty 113 4.4.3 Energy Democracy 115 4.5 Clean Energy Initiatives in Multi-energy Communities 116 4.5.1 Resources of Clean Energy 116 4.5.2 The Integration of Renewable Energies in Energy Communities 117 4.5.3 Carbon-Free Multi-energy Communities 118 4.6 Problem Formulation 120 4.7 Numerical Results 126 4.8 Conclusion 133 References 134 5 Equity-Oriented Energy Allocation in Mixed and Underprivileged Communities 141 Nomenclature 141 5.1 Introduction 142 5.2 Equitable Energy Sharing 145 5.2.1 Shared Community Energy Resources 145 5.3 Community Resource Allocation 147 5.3.1 Resource Allocation Methods 148 5.3.2 Equity in Resource Allocation 149 5.3.3 Mixed Communities 150 5.4 Power Sharing: Mixed Communities 153 5.4.1 Benefits of Power Sharing 153 5.4.2 Equity Analysis 154 5.5 Advantages and Limitations 156 5.5.1 Major Factors for Fairness Analysis 156 5.5.2 Features of Different Cases 156 5.6 Conclusions 157 References 157 6 Energy Justice and Equity in Developing a Fair Multi-energy Community and Environment 161 Acronyms 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 Axis of Energy Justice and Equity in a Multi-energy Environment 164 6.2.1 Distributional Justice 164 6.2.2 Procedural Justice 172 6.2.3 Recognition Justice 174 6.3 Principles of Energy Justice 176 6.4 Factors of Fairness and Equity in Developing a Multi-Energy Community 177 6.4.1 Climate Change 177 6.4.2 Structural Racism 178 6.4.3 Energy Prices 178 6.4.4 Planning and Policy Failure 178 6.4.5 Political Acumen 178 6.5 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Energy Justice 178 6.6 Conclusion and Future Research 180 References 181 7 Energy Community Operation and Planning for Energy Justice and Equity 187 Nomenclature 187 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Energy Communities: Definition, Challenges, and Opportunities 190 7.2.1 Localized 191 7.2.2 Scale 191 7.2.3 Purpose 192 7.2.4 Participants 192 7.2.5 Social 192 7.2.6 Technology 193 7.2.7 Comprehensive Definition 193 7.3 Promoting Sustainability Through Energy Communities 194 7.3.1 Economic Aspect 195 7.3.2 Environmental Aspect 195 7.3.3 Social Aspect 196 7.4 Development of Energy Sustainability with the Energy Community 196 7.5 Challenges of Energy Sustainability Within Energy Communities 196 7.5.1 Regulatory Challenges 197 7.5.2 Technical Challenges 197 7.5.3 Financial Challenges 197 7.5.4 Social Challenges 197 7.6 Energy Justice: Definition and Implementation 197 7.7 The Role of Energy Communities in Advancing Energy Justice 199 7.8 Examination of Energy Justice Within Energy Community 200 7.8.1 Energy Justice Within Energy Community 200 7.8.2 Energy Justice Between Energy Communities and External Institutions 200 7.8.3 Energy Justice Beyond Energy Community 200 7.9 Challenges to Green and Equitable Energy Society 201 7.10 Proposed Framework for CEC Planning and Operation 202 7.11 Numerical Study 207 7.12 Conclusion 211 References 211 8 Energy Storage Systems for Energy Justice and Equity 217 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Background 219 8.3 Energy Storage System 229 8.3.1 Electromagnetic Energy Storage 230 8.3.2 Types of Electromagnetic Energy Storage 237 8.3.2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 237 8.3.2.2 Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) 238 8.3.2.3 Inductive Energy Storage (IES) 238 8.3.3 A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Energy Storage Systems 239 8.3.3.1 Applications and Case Studies of Electromagnetic Energy Storage Systems 243 8.3.4 Chemical Energy Storage Systems 248 8.3.4.1 Sodium Sulfur 248 8.3.4.2 Lead Acid 249 8.3.4.3 Flow Batteries 250 8.3.4.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) 253 8.3.4.5 Fuel Cell 259 8.3.5 Mechanical Energy Storage Systems (MESSs) 262 8.3.5.1 Types of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems 265 8.3.5.2 A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems 278 8.3.5.3 Applications and Case Studies of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems (MESSs) 280 8.3.6 Limitations 282 8.4 Utilization of Data Science Methods 284 8.4.1 Big Data Platforms 285 8.4.1.1 Cloud-Based Big Data Platforms 285 8.4.1.2 Scaling 286 8.4.2 Most Used Big Data Analytics Algorithms 288 8.4.2.1 K-Means Clustering 289 8.4.2.2 Hierarchical Clustering 289 8.4.2.3 Support Vector Machine 290 8.4.2.4 Decision Trees 291 8.4.2.5 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm 291 8.5 Energy Storage and Data Analysis Applications in Energy Justice and Equality 292 8.6 Conclusion 296 References 297 9 Energy Trading Mechanisms for Energy Justice and Equity 307 Acronyms 307 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 Energy Market and Justice 308 9.2.1 Energy as a Tradable Commodity 308 9.2.2 Energy Justice Versus Affordability and Access to Energy 309 9.2.3 How Tradability Contributes to Energy Justice? 312 9.2.4 How Tradability Threatens Energy Justice? 314 9.3 Markets for Energy Carriers 314 9.3.1 Brief History and the Current Situation of Energy Markets 314 9.3.2 Challenges of Energy Markets to Promote Energy Justice 319 9.3.3 Affordability, Subsidy, and Market 320 9.3.4 The Interplay Between Efficiency and Justice 323 9.3.5 Market Mechanisms to Promote Energy Justice 324 9.3.6 Energy Access During Crisis 326 9.4 Trading Mechanisms to Support Energy Justice 327 9.4.1 Energy Justice and Sustainability 327 9.4.2 The Case for and Against the Coexistence of Market and Sustainability 328 9.4.3 Short Review on Sustainability-driven Trading Mechanisms 329 9.4.4 How Trading Mechanisms Affect Energy Justice and Equity? 333 9.4.5 The Need for Amendments 335 9.5 Summary 336 References 337 10 Peer-to-Peer Energy Communities: An Equitable Approach to Expanding Social Welfare and Energy Justice 343 Nomenclature 343 10.1 Energy Transition and Democratization 344 10.2 Peer-to-Peer Energy Communities 348 10.2.1 Advent of Energy Communities 348 10.2.2 Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading 349 10.2.3 Regulatory of P2P Markets 351 10.3 Energy Justice and P2P Energy Communities 352 10.4 A Confirmatory Analytical Study 356 10.4.1 Study Framework 356 10.4.1.1 First Scenario: Supply From the Grid 359 10.4.1.2 Second Scenario: Energy Community 359 10.4.1.3 Third Scenario: P2P Energy Sharing Community 360 10.4.2 Results and Discussion 361 10.5 Conclusion 365 References 366 11 Sustainable Development of Energy Communities for Energy Justice and Equity 371 11.1 Introduction 371 11.2 Foundations of Energy Justice and Equity 373 11.2.1 The Conceptual Framework of Energy Justice 373 11.2.2 Social Implications of Energy Practices 375 11.2.3 Economic Dimensions of Energy Equity 376 11.2.4 Environmental Sustainability as a Pillar of Energy Justice 377 11.3 Energy Communities: Conceptual Framework 378 11.3.1 Defining Energy Communities 378 11.3.2 Principles of Community Engagement in Energy Development 379 11.3.3 Local Governance and Decision-Making Structures 380 11.3.4 Collaborative Energy Planning and Implementation 381 11.4 Policy Interventions for Energy Justice 383 11.4.1 Frameworks for Inclusive Policy Development 383 11.4.2 Financial Mechanisms for Equitable Access 384 11.4.3 Regulatory Frameworks for Community-Owned Energy Projects 385 11.4.4 Energy Affordability and Inclusivity Policies 386 11.4.5 Community Engagement in Policy Decision-Making 387 11.4.6 Addressing Environmental Justice Through Policies 388 11.5 Technological Innovations for Inclusive Energy 390 11.5.1 Accessible Clean Energy Technologies 390 11.5.2 Smart Grids and Energy Management Systems 391 11.5.3 Decentralized Energy Storage Solutions 392 11.5.4 Inclusive Technological Design and User-Centered Innovation 393 11.5.5 Mobile Technologies for Energy Access 394 11.6 Challenges and Opportunities of Sustainable and Equitable Energy Development 396 11.6.1 Economic Barriers and Financial Accessibility 396 11.6.2 Technological Accessibility and Inclusive Design 397 11.6.3 Policy and Regulatory Hurdles 399 11.6.4 Social and Cultural Considerations 400 11.6.5 Environmental Justice and Sustainability 401 11.7 Dimensions of Sustainability in Energy Justice and Equity 403 11.8 Conclusion 404 Acronyms 405 References 405 12 Electrification of Urban and Rural Areas Under Energy Justice and Equity Paradigms 409 12.1 Introduction 409 12.2 Energy Justice 410 12.2.1 Justice 410 12.2.2 Energy 412 12.3 Energy Justice as a Decision-Making Tool 414 12.4 Energization 418 12.5 Geographical and Contextual Differences 427 12.6 Comparative Analysis of Energy Justice and Equity in Rural and Urban Areas 430 12.6.1 Rural Energy Justice 430 12.6.2 Urban Energy Justice 432 12.6.3 Factors Creating Inequality of Energy Justice in Urban and Rural Areas 432 12.6.4 Comparative Viewpoints 432 12.7 Conclusion 433 Abbreviations 433 References 434 13 Social Justice in Electrical Energy Outage Management Through the Controllability Index 441 13.1 Introduction 441 13.1.1 Aims and Motivations 441 13.1.2 Research Background 442 13.1.3 Research Gap and Innovations 445 13.1.4 Chapter Organization 446 13.2 Problem Description 446 13.2.1 Main Concept 446 13.2.2 Controllability Index 447 13.2.3 Information Collection from Distribution Companies 448 13.2.4 Problem Formulation 448 13.2.5 Budget Allocation for the Installation of Automation Switches 451 13.3 Numerical Analyses 451 13.4 Conclusion 454 Abbreviations 455 References 455 14 The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Energy Justice and Equity 459 Acronyms 459 14.1 Introduction 459 14.2 AI and the Energy Transition: Opportunities and Challenges 461 14.3 Evaluating the Impact of AI Through the Lens of Energy Justice 464 14.3.1 Defining the Role of AI in Advancing Energy Justice 464 14.3.2 AI Design and Distributive Justice: Balancing Benefits and Burdens 465 14.3.3 AI Design and Procedural Justice: Ensuring Transparency and Participation 469 14.3.4 AI Design and Recognition Justice: Acknowledging Diverse Stakeholder Needs 469 14.4 Transparency, Fairness, and Bias Mitigation in AI for Energy Systems 471 14.4.1 Ensuring Interpretability in Transparent Decision-Making for Energy Justice 471 14.4.2 Detecting and Addressing Bias in AI Models for Equity 472 14.4.3 Ensuring Fair Distribution of Benefits and Costs 473 14.4.4 Balancing Safety, Privacy, and Transparency in AI Applications 474 14.5 Case Study: Justice-Oriented Emergency Load Shedding with RL 475 14.5.1 Problem Formulation 476 14.5.2 Experimental Setup and Data 479 14.5.3 Results and Discussion 480 14.6 Future Directions: Bridging Energy Law and AI Regulations for Policy Development and Justice-Oriented Approaches 482 14.7 Conclusion 484 References 485 15 Artificial-Intelligence-Based Marketing Analysis for Realizing Renewable Energy Justice and Equity 493 Acronyms 493 15.1 Introduction 493 15.2 How Can We Achieve Equitable Energy System? 498 15.3 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energy Justice and Equity 500 15.4 Knowledge Representation of the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 502 15.4.1 Ontology Development 502 15.4.2 Semantic Graph Representation 512 15.5 Data Collection and Assessment 514 15.5.1 Multi-regression Analysis 516 15.6 AI-based Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 521 15.6.1 Strengths 521 15.6.2 Weaknesses 523 15.6.3 Opportunities 523 15.6.4 Threats 523 15.7 Social Acceptance for AI Usage in Energy Systems for Energy Justice and Equity 524 15.8 Conclusion 525 References 526 16 Artificial-Intelligence-Based Equitable Energy Investment Prioritization Analytics 529 Nomenclature 529 16.1 Introduction 529 16.2 Case Analysis: Importance of Energy Investment Prioritization Equity in USA 532 16.2.1 Energy Distribution 533 16.2.2 Energy Transmission 534 16.2.3 Electricity Market 534 16.3 Utilized Dataset: NREL Energy Investment Prioritization 536 16.3.1 Population and Energy Generation Potential 536 16.3.2 Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) 536 16.3.3 Electric Vehicle Growth and Projections 537 16.3.4 Cost Savings 537 16.3.5 Environmental Justice Indicators 537 16.3.6 Socioeconomic Factors 537 16.4 Machine Learning and Predictive Analysis in EEIP 537 16.4.1 Lasso Regressor 548 16.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges Ahead 556 16.6 Conclusion 557 References 557 17 Intelligent Remedial Action Scheme Against False Data Injection Cyberattacks Targeting Energy Justice and Equity in Modern Power Systems 561 Abbreviations 561 17.1 Introduction 562 17.1.1 Background and Motivation 562 17.1.2 Background 563 17.1.2.1 Related Works on Energy Justice and Equity 563 17.1.2.2 Related Works on Cyberattacks Targeting Energy Equity 563 17.1.3 Research Gap and Contributions of This Chapter 564 17.2 Proposed Framework 565 17.3 Problem Formulation 567 17.3.1 Formulation of Cyberattack Model 567 17.3.2 Formulation of the Remedial Action Scheme 570 17.3.3 Formulation of the Unified and Intelligent Remedial Action Scheme via Federated Learning Concept 571 17.4 Case Study, Simulation Results, and Analysis 575 17.4.1 Initialization 575 17.4.2 Case Study 575 17.4.3 Investigated Scenarios of Cyberattacks 576 17.4.4 Numerical Results and Analysis 579 17.4.4.1 Negative Impacts of the Launched Cyberattack on Energy Justice and Equity 579 17.4.4.2 Performance of the Remedial Actions Against Such FDIAs 581 17.4.5 Discussion 583 17.5 Acknowledgment 584 17.6 Conclusions 584 References 585 18 Energy Policy Strategies for Energy Justice and Equity 589 Acronyms 589 18.1 Introduction 589 18.2 Why Energy Justice Relies on Policy? 590 18.2.1 Energy as a Critical Factor in Social Welfare and Development 590 18.2.2 Role of Policy in Energy Consumption Habit 590 18.3 Nexus Between Policy and Energy Justice 591 18.3.1 Policymakers Promise to Bring Justice 591 18.3.2 Political Challenges of Energy Justice 593 18.3.3 Energy Justice at the International Level 595 18.4 Policies Toward Sustainability 595 18.4.1 Sustainability as the Most Political Aspect of Energy Justice 595 18.4.2 Sustainability as Justice Toward Next Generations 597 18.4.3 Sustainability in National and International Policy and Challenges 598 18.5 Survey on Policy-related Attempts 600 18.5.1 Energy Justice in Policy 600 18.5.2 Energy Justice in Low-income Societies 602 18.5.3 Energy Justice in Developed Countries 604 18.5.4 International Attempts Regarding Energy Justice 606 18.6 Summary 608 References 609 19 Challenges of Energy Justice and Equity in Different Regions 613 Acronyms 613 19.1 Introduction 613 19.2 Energy Justice and Equity in Europe 614 19.2.1 Key Features of Europe 614 19.2.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in Europe 615 19.3 Energy Justice and Equity in Africa 616 19.3.1 Key Features of Africa 616 19.3.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in Africa 617 19.4 Energy Justice and Equity in East Asia 618 19.4.1 Key Features of East Asia 618 19.4.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in East Asia 620 19.5 Energy Justice and Equity in Central Asia 620 19.5.1 Key Features of Central Asia 620 19.5.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in Central Asia 621 19.6 Energy Justice and Equity in the Middle East 622 19.6.1 Key Features of the Middle East 622 19.6.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in the Middle East 622 19.7 Energy Justice and Equity in South America 624 19.7.1 Key Features of South America 624 19.7.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in South America 625 19.8 Energy Justice and Equity in North America 626 19.8.1 Key Features of North America 626 19.8.2 Challenges of Energy Justice in North America 628 19.9 Summary 629 References 630 Index 635
Mohammadreza Daneshvar and Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam
Reza Gharibi, Behrooz Vahidi, and Rahman Dashti
Monica Bhatia and Pradyumn Chaturvedi
Peyman Afzali, Sahar Mobasheri, Banafsheh Alipour, Sogand Hosseinalipour, Masoud Rashidinejad, and Sobhan Dorahaki
Akhtar Hussain and Petr Musilek
Aamer Raza, Sheraz Azam Mirza, Saqib Ali, and Muzaffar Ali
Homayoun Ghasemnejad, Sogand Hosseinalipour, Masoud Rashidinejad, and Sobhan Dorahaki
Emre Çakır, Furkan Hanilçi, and Yiğit Çağatay Kuyu
Iman Rahmati and Asghar Akbari Foroud
Mohammad Hasan Ghodusinejad, Setareh Peirov, and Hossein Yousefi
Arash Rajaei, Sobhan Dorahaki, Masoud Rashidinejad, Peyman Afzali, and Mahdi Bedrood
Marziyeh Razeghi, Hossein Yousefi, Amir Naseri, and Younes Noorollahi
Hamidreza Arasteh, Salah Bahramara, Mahyar Gholizadeh, Niki Moslemi, Zohreh Kaheh, Milad Biazar, and Miadreza Shafie-khah
Nastaran Gholizadeh, Noon Hussein, and Petr Musilek
Vikas Khare and Monica Bhatia
Ashkan Safari
Ehsan Naderi and Arash Asrari
Iman Rahmati and Asghar Akbari Foroud
Iman Rahmati and Asghar Akbari Foroud
Subject Areas: History [HB]
