Preface and Overview xvii

Acronyms xxv

Contributors List xxxi

1 Broadband Optical Access Technologies and FTTH Deployment in NTT 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 History of Optical Technology in Japan 2

1.2.1 The First Research on Subscriber Optical Transmission Systems 2

1.2.2 From Multi-Mode Fiber to Single-Mode Fiber 2

1.2.3 Development of CT/RT System 3

1.2.4 Moving Towards FTTH 3

1.2.5 Optical Systems at Metal-Wire Costs 4

1.2.6 Access Network Optical Upgrading Program 4

1.3 Trends in Broadband Services 4

1.3.1 Growth of Broadband Services in Japan 4

1.3.2 Vision for a New Optical Generation 6

1.4 Optical Access Technology Behind Broadband Services 6

1.4.1 Optical Access Technology for Current Broadband Services 6

1.4.2 Broadband Access Network Technology in the Future 12

1.5 Conclusion 15

References 15

2 Today’s Broadband Fiber Access Technologies and Deployment Considerations at SBC 17

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Fiber-to-the-Neighborhood (FTTX) Architecture 18

2.2.1 FTTH Access Architecture 18

2.2.2 FTTN Access Architecture 20

2.3 ITU-T PON Standards 20

2.3.1 ITU-T G.983 B-PON Standards Series 21

2.3.2 ITU-T G.984 G-PON for Higher Speeds 22

2.3.3 The Role of Standards in Interoperability 23

2.4 PON Technology Background 24

2.4.1 Upstream Bandwidth Assignment 24

2.4.2 Ranging 25

2.4.3 Splitters 25

2.5 The SBC FTTH Network 27

2.5.1 The Optical Fiber/Distribution Network 28

2.5.2 FTTH ONTs 33

2.5.3 SBC’s Mission Bay Trial 36

2.6 SBC Fiber to the Node (FTTN) NETWORK 38

2.7 The Home Network 38

2.8 Motivating the New Network – IPTV 39

Summary 40

General References 40

3 FTTH: The Swedish Perspective 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 44

3.3 Definitions 45

3.3.1 Broadband Definition 45

3.3.2 FTTH Definition 45

3.3.3 Muni Net Definition 45

3.3.4 Residential Area Network, Definition 46

3.4 Background for the Swedish FTTH Boom 46

3.5 The Swedish Broadband Market Today 47

3.5.1 Broadband Penetration Compared to the OECD 48

3.5.2 The Broadband Market and Access Technologies in Sweden 49

3.5.3 Equipment Suppliers 51

3.5.4 The Swedish Broadband Industry 51

3.5.5 Collaboration Between Industry and Academia 51

3.6 Open Networks Versus Vertical Integration 53

3.6.1 The Open Network 53

3.6.2 Functions When Operating Muni Nets 54

3.6.3 Relationships and Monetary Flows in Muni Nets 55

3.6.4 Open Networks Versus Vertical Integration 55

3.7 Access Network Technologies 56

3.7.1 PON Versus Point-to-Point Ethernet 56

3.7.2 L2 Versus L3 Access Architectures 57

3.8 Drivers, Services and Trends for the Future Broadband Networks 58

3.8.1 Operators and Network Owners 59

3.8.2 Authorities 59

3.9 Description of Key Swedish FTTH Players 60

3.9.1 PacketFront 61

3.9.2 Ericsson 62

3.9.3 TeliaSonera 62

3.9.4 Svenska Bostäder in Vällingby: A Greenfield Deployment 64

3.9.5 Stockholm and the Vällingby Model: A Brownfield Deployment 64

3.10 Summary 65

Acknowledgements 66

References 66

4 Broadband Access Networks and Services in Korea 69

4.1 Changing Environments and FITL Plan 69

4.2 FLC-A as the First Member of the FITL 70

4.2.1 Services Considered 70

4.2.2 Hardware Configuration 70

4.2.3 Management System 71

4.2.4 FLC-B an FLC-A Upgrade 71

4.3 Flc-c 71

4.3.2 Hardware Configuration 72

4.3.3 Operation Support System 74

4.3.4 Multi-Vendor Interoperability 76

4.3.5 FLC-C Experience 77

4.4 Broadband Access-XDSL 78

4.4.1 Environment 78

4.4.2 Internet Services in Korea 78

4.4.3 Competing Technologies 79

4.4.4 Broadband Access Network 80

4.4.5 Network Architectures and Protocol 82

4.4.6 Vdsl 82

4.4.7 Services 83

4.4.8 Interferences 83

4.4.9 Ip-vdsl 83

4.4.10 Monumental Success of the XDSL 84

4.5 Ethernet to the Home and WLAN 84

4.5.1 Environments 84

4.5.2 Metro Ethernet 85

4.5.3 Wireless LAN 85

4.6 B-PON (Broadband Passive Optical Networks) 86

4.6.1 Environments 86

4.6.2 Management 88

4.6.3 Legacy OSS Interfaces 88

4.6.4 B-PON Deployment 89

4.7 Wdm-pon 89

4.7.1 Next Generation Network 89

4.7.2 Bandwidth 90

4.7.3 QoS 90

4.7.4 Design Concept 92

4.7.5 WDM-PON System Based on ASE Injected FP-LD Scheme 96

4.7.6 Demonstration of Triple Play Service by WDM-PON 103

4.7.7 Now WDM-PON 104

References 105

5 Broadband Fiber-to-the-Home Technologies, Strategies, and Deployment Plan in Open Service Provider Networks: Project UTOPIA 107

5.1 Introduction 107

5.2 Municipal Perspective 108

5.3 Operational Model: Open Service Provider Network TM 110

5.4 Guiding Principles 113

5.5 Technology Position: Physical Media 114

5.6 Architecture Template: Outside Plant 116

5.6.1 Type of Fiber 117

5.6.2 Active Versus Passive 117

5.6.3 Redundancy 118

5.6.4 Fiber Strand Counts 118

5.6.6 Outside Plant Design 120

5.6.7 The Distribution Network 120

5.7 Architecture Template: Standards 120

5.8 Architecture Template: Transport Layer Topology 123

5.8.1 Reliability 124

5.8.2 Traffic Management 125

5.8.3 Scalable Bandwidth 126

5.8.4 Plentiful Bandwidth 127

5.8.5 Cost to Scale 127

5.8.6 Architecture Template – Transport Layer Topology 128

5.9 Network Technology: Technology and Vendor Selection 130

5.10 Network Interfaces 135

5.11 Network Operations: Capacity Management 136

5.12 Conclusions 137

References 137

6 High-Speed FTTH Technologies in an Open Access Platform – the European MUSE Project 139

6.1 Introduction 139

6.1.1 A Different View of Networks 139

6.1.2 Changing Architectures 141

6.1.3 Future Applications and Service Requirements 142

6.1.4 Network Convergence and Distribution of Intelligence 144

6.1.5 Migration of Access Networks 145

6.2 Fiber Access Networks 147

6.2.1 Access Network Design 147

6.2.2 Techno-Economic Modeling 148

6.2.3 Fiber Access Topologies 158

6.3 FTTX Technologies 160

6.3.1 Improvement of Optical Access Multiplexers 162

6.3.2 Future Deployment 164

6.4 Conclusions 165

References 165

7 Residential Broadband PON (B-PON) Systems 167

7.1 Introduction 167

7.2 Brief History of ATM-Based PONS 168

7.2.1 Original A-PON Standard and the Early Japanese Deployments 168

7.2.2 Early Interoperability and the BellSouth Dunwoody Trial 170

7.2.3 System Improvements: WDM, DBA, SUR 171

7.3 Triple Play B-PON System Architecture 172

7.3.1 System Overview of Triple-Play B-PON 172

7.3.2 Optical Line Terminal 173

7.3.3 Passive Optical Network (PON) 174

7.3.4 Optical Network Termination 175

7.4 Evolution of Broadband Services 177

7.4.2 Video: from Analog to QAM to IP 178

7.4.3 Data: Ethernet to Everything 179

7.5 FTTP Economics 180

7.5.1 Competing Broadband Access Technologies 180

7.5.2 New Build Applications 181

7.5.3 Rehabilitation Application 182

7.5.4 Overbuild Applications 182

7.6 FTTP Deployment Practical Considerations 183

7.6.1 Outside Plant Construction 183

7.6.2 ONU and Powering 185

7.6.3 RF Video Engineering 186

7.7 Summary 187

References 187

8 Optical Networks for the Broadband Future 189

8.1 Introduction 189

8.2 Brief History of Fibre in Access 190

8.3 Standard PON Systems 192

8.3.1 Where is Investment in PON Taking Place? 193

8.3.2 The Role of the ITU in Standardization 194

8.3.3 How does FSAN Relate to Standards? 194

8.3.4 Interoperability 194

8.3.5 Outlook 196

8.3.6 Standards Summary 196

8.4 Emerging Drivers for FTTH 196

8.4.1 The Internet 196

8.4.2 Digital Imaging and Video 197

8.4.3 Developments in Digital CPE 197

8.4.4 Examples of Transmission Over Fibre V XDSL 198

8.4.5 Financial Barriers 199

8.5 Lower Cost Architectures 204

8.5.1 By-Passing the Outer-Core/Metro Network 205

8.5.2 Advantages of Long-Reach Access 207

8.6 An End-to-End Vision 208

8.7 Summary/Conclusions 209

8.A1 Appendix 1 210

8.a1.1 B-PON General Characteristics 210

8.a1.2 G-PON General Characteristics 212

References 213

9 An Evolutionary Fibre-to-the-Home Network and System Technologies: Migration from HFC to FTTH Networks 215

9.1 Introduction 215

9.2 Elements of Compatibility 215

9.3 The State of HFC Networks 216

9.4 Comparing the Technologies 217

9.4.1 Broadcast Service 217

9.4.2 Data Service 218

9.4.3 Voice Service 219

9.4.4 Element Management Systems 219

9.4.5 Equipment Location 219

9.5 Introduction to the Architectures of HFC and FTTH Networks 219

9.5.1 Elements of an FTTH Network 220

9.5.2 Data Layer 220

9.5.3 Optical Network 221

9.5.4 Home Terminal 221

9.6 Elements of Compatibility 225

9.6.1 Powering 225

9.6.2 Bandwidth Compatibility 225

9.6.3 Set Top Terminal Support 225

9.6.4 Data Interfaces 226

9.6.5 Voice Protocol 226

9.6.6 Quality of Service (QoS) 227

9.7 Video Issues 228

9.7.1 Comparing Broadcast to IPTV 229

9.7.2 HFC Video Opportunities 231

9.8 Conclusion 231

References 232

10 FTTH Systems, Strategies, and Deployment Plans in China 233

10.1 Current Status of Broadband Access 233

10.1.1 China’s Broadband Users Growing Rapidly 233

10.1.2 Access Service Requirements 233

10.1.3 Access Technologies and Key Players 234

10.2 Driving Forces of FTTH 236

10.2.1 Increased Bandwidth Demand 236

10.2.2 Reduced System Cost 236

10.2.3 Competition 236

10.2.4 Market 237

10.2.5 Regulatory 237

10.3 Latest FTTH Initiatives 237

10.3.1 National FTTH Research Plan 238

10.3.2 FTTH Products 238

10.3.3 Early FTTH Field Trials 238

10.3.4 The First FTTH Equipment Testing by Carrier 239

10.3.5 Commercial FTTH Networks 239

10.4 FTTH Technology Considerations 240

10.4.1 EPON will Dominate Residential FTTH Market 240

10.4.2 GPON will be Mostly Used for FTTO 241

10.4.4 Multi-Service Support is Generally Required 242

10.4.5 FTTH Functionality Expansion 242

10.5 Major FTTH Players and Products 243

10.5.1 Major FTTH Service Providers 243

10.5.2 Major FTTH Vendors 243

10.5.3 FTTH Products 243

10.6 Market Barriers 245

10.6.1 High System Cost 245

10.6.2 Lack of Applications 246

10.6.3 Regulations 246

10.6.4 Competition from Other Technologies 246

10.7 Market Opportunities and Deployment Strategies 247

References 248

11 Integrated Broadband Optical Fibre/Wireless LAN Access Networks 251

11.1 Introduction 251

11.2 Directly Modulated Radio-Over-Fibre Systems 252

11.3 Radio-Over-Fibre Systems Deploying Optical Frequency Conversion 253

11.3.1 Heterodyning Systems 253

11.4 Optical Frequency Multiplying System 255

11.4.1 OFM System Analysis 256

11.4.2 Impact of Dispersion in Multimode Fibre Systems 258

11.4.3 Impact of Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibre Systems 259

11.4.4 Experimental Results 261

11.5 Bi-Directional Multiple-Access System 262

11.6 Installation Aspects of In-Building Radio-Over-Fibre Systems 263

11.7 Dynamically Allocating Radio Capacity 264

11.8 Concluding Remarks 265

Acknowledgement 266

References 266

12 Broadband Optical Access, FTTH, and Home Networks – the Broadband Future 267

12.1 Introduction – A Historical Perspective 267

12.2 The Broadband Access Technology Options – xDSL Versus Cable Modem, HFC Versus FTTH, PON Versus P2P Ethernet 269

12.3 Broadband FTTH Drivers, Triple-Play, Competition and IPTV 273

12.4 Broadband Competitions Worldwide: A Few Examples 275

12.4.1 Examples of Broadband Competition in Japan 276

12.4.2 Examples of Broadband Competition in Europe 278

12.4.3 Examples of Broadband Competition in the US 279

12.5 Broadband Competition in Hong Kong 282

12.6 Broadband Optical Home Networks: The Potential of Broadband Home Networking or ‘Giga-Homes’ 285

12.6.1 HD Video ‘Blog’ 286

12.6.2 Large-Screen High-Definition Display for Homes 286

12.7 Research on Technologies for Next Generation Broadband Optical Access: WDM PON Access Networks and Fiber/Wireless Integration 288

12.8 The Broadband Future, with IP HDTV/VOD and HD Video Communications 293

Acknowledgements 294

References 294

Index 299