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Biobased Composites
Processing, Characterization, Properties, and Applications
Anish Khan (Edited by), A Khan (Author), Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa (Edited by), Suchart Siengchin (Edited by), Abdullah M. Asiri (Edited by)
9781119641797, Wiley
Hardback, published 16 April 2021
240 pages
1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg
Explore the world of biocomposites with this one-stop resource edited by four international leaders in the field Bio-based Composites: Characterization, Properties, and Applications delivers a comprehensive treatment of all known characterization methods, properties, and industry applications of bio-based composites materials. This unique, one-stop resource covers all major developments in the field from the last decade of research into this environmentally beneficial area. The internationally recognized editors have selected resources that represent advances in the mechanical, thermal, tribological, and water sorption properties of bio-based composites, and cover new areas of research in physico-chemical analysis, flame retardancy, failure mechanisms, lifecycle assessment, and modeling of bio-based composites. The low weight, low cost, excellent thermal recyclability, and biodegradability of bio-based composites make them ideal candidates to replace engineered plastic products derived from fossil fuel. This book provides its readers with the knowledge they’ll require to understand a new class of materials increasingly being used in the automotive and packaging industries, aerospace, the military, and construction. It also includes: Perfect for materials scientists in private industry, government laboratories, or engaged in academic research, Bio-Based Composites will also earn a place in the libraries of industrial and manufacturing engineers who seek a better understanding of the beneficial industrial applications of biocomposites in industries ranging from automobiles to packaging.
List of Contributors ix Preface xii 1 Introduction to Biobased Composites 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biodegradable Materials 3 1.3 Polymers in Tissue Engineering 3 1.4 Environmental Realization 5 1.4.1 Green Biomass-based Composites 6 1.4.2 Selection Considerations 6 1.4.2.1 Materials Implementation Requirements 6 1.4.2.2 Material Cost 7 1.5 Biomass Composites Characteristics and Testing 7 1.6 Life-cycle Assessment 9 1.7 Conclusions 10 References 11 2 Processing Methods for Manufacture of Biobased Composites 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Biobased Materials 16 2.3 Processing Methods 17 2.4 Fabrication Techniques of Biobased Composites 19 2.4.1 Solvent Casting and Particulate Leaching 20 2.4.2 Emulsion Freeze Drying 21 2.4.3 Electrospinning 21 2.4.4 Blow Film Extrusion 22 2.4.5 3D Printing 22 2.5 Fillers and Reinforcements Used in the Preparation of Biobased Composites 23 2.5.1 Biobased Fillers/Reinforcements with Non-biobased Polymers 23 2.5.2 Non-biobased Fillers/Reinforcements with Biobased Polymers 23 2.5.3 Biobased Filler/Reinforcement and Biobased Polymer 24 2.6 Conclusion 24 References 25 3 Physicochemical Analysis of Biobased Composites 29 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Performance of Biocomposites 29 3.2.1 Tensile Properties 30 3.2.2 Flexural Properties 31 3.2.3 Impact Properties 32 3.2.4 Creep 33 3.2.5 Brittleness and Ductility 34 3.2.6 Toughness 34 3.3 Physicochemical Properties 34 3.4 Conclusion 36 References 36 4 Characterization of Biobased Composites 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 The Conception of Composites 39 4.3 Classification of Biocomposites 40 4.4 Materials for the Synthesis of Biobased Composites 41 4.4.1 Biopolymers as Matrix of Green Composites 42 4.4.2 Fibers as Natural Reinforcement 43 4.5 Challenges of the Introduction of Natural Fiber 46 References 50 5 Mechanical, Thermal, Tribological, and Dielectric Properties of Biobased Composites 53 5.1 Introduction 53 5.2 Characterization of Biobased Composites 53 5.3 Factors Influencing Various Properties of the Biobased Composites 55 5.3.1 Constituents of Biobased Composites 55 5.3.2 Fabrication Techniques of Biobased Composites 56 5.3.3 Aging and Their Impact on the Composite Properties 59 5.4 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 59 5.5 Thermal Properties of Biobased Composites 61 5.5.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Biobased Composites 63 5.5.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Biobased Composites 64 5.6 Tribological Properties of Biobased Composites 65 5.7 Dielectric Properties of Biobased Composites 67 5.8 Conclusions 69 References 70 6 Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites 75 6.1 Introduction 75 6.1.1 Flame Retardants 77 6.1.2 Types of Flame Retardants 78 6.2 Types of Biobased Polymer Composites Used in a Flame-Retardant Application 79 6.3 Role and Effect of Natural Byproducts on the Flame-Retardant Behavior of a Biocomposite 79 6.3.1 Flammability of Biochar Reinforced Biocomposites 79 6.3.2 Commonly Used Agro-wastes to Improve the Flame Retardancy of a Biocomposite 81 6.4 Role and Effect of Biobased Natural Fibers on the Flammability of a Biocomposite 83 6.5 Summary 84 References 84 7 Failure Mechanisms of Biobased Composites 87 7.1 Introduction 87 7.1.1 Fiber Reinforcements in Biobased Composites 88 7.1.2 Fiber Failures 88 7.1.2.1 Fiber–Matrix Debonding 88 7.1.2.2 Fiber Pullout 89 7.1.2.3 Tear Type Failure 90 7.1.3 Fiber Pretreatments 90 7.1.3.1 Defibration 90 7.1.3.2 Surface Modification 91 7.1.3.3 Coupling Agent 91 7.2 Matrix Materials for Biobased Composites 91 7.2.1 Matrix Failure 93 7.2.2 Matrix Treatment 93 7.3 Trends in Biobased Composites 93 7.3.1 Wood Plastic Composites 94 7.3.1.1 Failure in WPC 95 7.3.2 Hybrid Combination 96 7.4 Adapted Manufacturing Technologies 97 7.4.1 Injection Molding 97 7.4.2 Liquid Composite Molding 98 7.5 Other Failure Criteria 98 7.6 Conclusion 100 References 100 8 Recent Advances and Technologies of Biobased Composites 107 8.1 Introduction 107 8.2 Recent Advances on Biobased Matrices 108 8.2.1 Carbohydrate-Based Matrices 108 8.2.2 Plant Oil-Based Matrices 109 8.2.3 Biobased Polyester Matrices 110 8.2.4 Natural Rubber 111 8.2.5 Collagen 111 8.3 Recent Advances on Biobased Reinforcements 112 8.3.1 Biobased Fiber Reinforcements 112 8.3.2 Wood Biochar-Based Reinforcements 114 8.3.3 Biobased Nanocomposite Reinforcements 114 8.3.3.1 Cellulose Nanocomposites 114 8.3.3.2 Other Nanocomposites 115 8.4 Recent Advances on Biobased Composite Processing 115 8.4.1 Extrusion and Injection Molding Techniques 116 8.4.2 Wet Lay-Up Techniques 116 8.4.3 3D Printing of Biobased Composites 116 8.5 Conclusion 117 References 118 9 Biocomposites for Energy Storage 123 9.1 Introduction 123 9.2 Fundamental Concepts 124 9.2.1 Background 124 9.3 Selection Parameters for Biocomposites 126 9.3.1 Host Response and Biocompatibility 126 9.3.2 Biofunctionality 126 9.3.3 Functional Tissue Structure and Pathobiology 126 9.3.4 Toxicology 127 9.3.5 Design and Manufacturability 127 9.3.6 Mechanical Properties 127 9.3.7 Corrosion Resistance 127 9.3.8 Wear and Fatigue Resistance 128 9.4 Biocomposites for Energy Storage 128 9.5 Bioinspired Composite Materials 130 9.6 Bioinspired Composites for Energy Storage 131 9.7 Enzyme-Based Materials 133 9.8 Biosensing/Bioimaging Applications 133 9.9 Conclusion 135 References 136 10 Analysis of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of A Biobased Composite with Sisal Powder 143 10.1 Introduction 143 10.2 Biobased Composites 143 10.3 Polyester Matrix Composites 143 10.4 Manufacture of Composites 144 10.5 Physical–Mechanical Tests 144 10.6 Analysis of Physical and Mechanical Properties 146 10.7 Conclusions 149 Acknowledgments 150 References 150 11 Physico-Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 153 11.1 Introduction 153 11.1.1 Biobased Fibers 155 11.1.2 Biobased Matrices 155 11.2 Physico-Mechanical Property of the Biobased Composites 155 11.2.1 Density of Biobased Composites 155 11.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Biobased Composites 157 11.3 Applications of Biobased Composites 163 11.4 Conclusions 163 References 164 12 Synthesis and Utilization of Biodegradable Polymers 167 12.1 Introduction 167 12.2 Synthesis Techniques of Biodegradable Polymers 167 12.2.1 By Modifying Natural Polymers 167 12.2.2 Polymers Synthesized by Chemicals 169 12.2.3 Polymers Synthesized by Microorganisms 169 12.2.4 Synthesis by Enzymes 169 12.2.5 Synthesis by Chemo-Enzymes 169 12.3 Biodegradable Polymers and Their Synthesis 170 12.3.1 Starch 170 12.3.2 Polylactic Acid 170 12.3.3 Polycaprolactone 170 12.3.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates/Polyhydroxybutyrate 170 12.3.5 Starch–Polyolefin Blends 171 12.3.6 Starch–Polyester Blends 171 12.3.7 Starch–PLA Blends 171 12.4 Applications of Biopolymers in Industries 171 12.5 Conclusion 172 References 172 13 Forecasts of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites and Its Degradability Concerns – A Review 175 13.1 Introduction 175 13.2 Recent Trends of Natural Fiber Production from Plants 176 13.3 Magnitude of Natural Fibers at this Juncture 179 13.4 Constraints and Competence of Natural Fibers 185 13.5 Degradability of Polymeric Natural Fiber Composites 187 13.6 Marine Application of Natural Fiber Composites and Its Degradation 189 13.7 Conclusion 190 Acknowledgments 190 References 190 14 Biofibers and Biopolymers for Biocomposites – in the Eyes of Spectroscopy 197 14.1 Introduction 197 14.1.1 Polylactic Acid 198 14.1.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 199 14.1.3 Polycaprolactone 199 14.2 Characterization 199 14.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 200 14.2.1.1 Morphological Inspection by SEM 200 14.2.1.2 Degree of Adhesion by SEM 201 14.2.1.3 Water Absorption of Composites by SEM 202 14.2.2 Optical Microscopy 202 14.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 203 14.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 203 14.2.5 Spectroscopic Techniques 203 14.2.5.1 NMR Analysis 203 14.2.5.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 205 14.2.5.3 Acoustic Emission Spectrometry 207 14.3 Conclusions 208 References 208 15 Environmental Impact Study on Biobased Composites Using Lifecycle Methodology 213 15.1 Introduction 213 15.2 Lifecycle Assessment 214 15.2.1 Goal and Scope 214 15.2.2 Inventory Data 214 15.2.3 Impact Assessment 215 15.2.4 Interpretation 215 15.3 Simplified Case Study 215 15.4 Goal and Scope 215 15.5 System Boundary 215 15.6 Inventory Analysis 215 15.7 Impact Assessment 217 15.8 Results 217 15.8.1 Normalization 218 15.9 Conclusion 221 References 221 Index 223
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Subject Areas: Mechanical engineering & materials [TG]
