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Applications of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings
Abdul Wasy Zia (Edited by)
9781394189113, Wiley
Hardback, published 27 May 2025
448 pages
22.9 x 15.2 x 2.7 cm, 0.737 kg
An incisive guide to diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings and their contemporary applications In Applications of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings, distinguished researcher Dr. Abdul Wasy Zia delivers an insightful and up-to-date discussion of the latest advancements in new and non-conventional applications of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. The editor explains the transformation of typical topics into advanced applications of DLC, including tribology for future transportation solutions, green lubrication, invasive implants, MEMS, optical devices, and more. The book also details advanced and contemporary trends in DLC coatings, like material informatics involving artificial intelligence and machine learning, and new, net-zero applications, including energy storage batteries. Readers will also find: Perfect for postgraduate students and researchers with an interest in DLC coatings, Applications of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings will also benefit scholars and instructors in academia, technical managers, scientists, engineers, and corporate research and development professionals with backgrounds in chemistry, materials science, polymer chemistry, and physical chemistry.
List of Contributors x Preface xiv Section I Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 1 1 Introduction of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 DLC Coatings for Mechanical and Transportation Applications 6 1.2.1 DLC Coatings for Lubricants 6 1.2.2 DLC Coatings for Pipelines, Tubes, and Molds 7 1.3 DLC Coatings for Medical Applications 8 1.3.1 DLC Coatings for Orthopedics 10 1.3.2 DLC Coatings for Antimicrobial Performance 10 1.3.3 DLC Coatings for Cardiovascular Implants 11 1.4 DLC Coatings for Electrical and Optical Devices 12 1.4.1 DLC Coatings for MEMS 12 1.4.2 DLC Coatings for Nonvolatile Storage, Low-K Dielectrics, and Field Emitters 13 1.5 DLC Coatings for Optical Applications 14 1.6 Emerging Applications of DLC Coatings 15 1.6.1 DLC Coatings for Energy Storage Applications 15 1.6.2 DLC Coatings for Polymers and Textiles 17 1.6.3 Optimizing DLC Coatings Through the Utilization of Artificial Intelligence Tools 17 1.7 Limitations of DLC Coatings 18 1.8 Q-Carbon as a Superior Coating Material 19 1.9 Summary 22 2 Deposition Methods of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 31 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 Classification of Carbon Coatings 34 2.3 Deposition Methods 36 2.3.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 37 2.3.1.1 Ion Beam Deposition 37 2.3.1.2 Mass Selected Ion Beam Deposition 38 2.3.1.3 Cathodic Arc Deposition 39 2.3.1.4 Sputtering 42 2.3.1.5 Ion Beam-assisted Deposition 43 2.3.1.6 Pulsed Laser Deposition 44 2.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 48 2.4 Deposition Mechanisms 50 2.5 Influence of Deposition Parameters 53 2.6 Properties and Analysis Methods 54 2.7 Applications 56 2.8 Conclusions 57 3 Properties of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 71 3.1 Introduction to Diamond-like Carbon Coating 72 3.2 General Categorization of DLC Coatings 72 3.3 Preparation of DLC Coatings 74 3.4 Characterization Techniques of DLC Coatings 74 3.5 Properties of DLC Coatings 76 3.5.1 Physical Properties of DLC Coatings 76 3.5.1.1 Density 77 3.5.1.2 Surface-free Energy 77 3.5.1.3 Thermal Conductivity 79 3.5.2 Chemical Properties of DLC Coatings 80 3.5.2.1 Reactivity and Chemical Stability 81 3.5.3 Anticorrosion Properties of DLC Coatings 82 3.5.4 Biocompatibility of DLC Coatings 83 3.5.5 Opto-electrical Properties of DLC Coatings 84 3.5.5.1 Electrical Resistance 84 3.5.5.2 Bandgap 86 3.5.5.3 Refractive Index 86 3.5.6 Tribological Properties of DLC Coatings 87 3.5.6.1 Friction Coefficient 88 3.5.6.2 Wear Resistance 91 3.5.7 Adhesion of DLC Coatings to Substrates 92 3.5.8 Mechanical Properties of DLC Coatings 94 3.5.8.1 Hardness and Young’s Modulus 94 3.5.8.2 Fatigue Strength of DLC Coatings 96 3.6 Improving the Properties of DLC Coatings 96 3.6.1 Modification Through Alloy Addition 97 3.6.2 Modification Through Multilayer and Hybrid Coatings 98 3.7 Applications and Uses of DLC Coatings 100 3.8 Summary and Future Outlook 100 Section II Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Mechanical and Transportation Applications 107 4 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Tools and Molds 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Hot Forging Die Tool Failure Mechanisms 111 4.3 Surface Treatments in Die Tools and Molds 111 4.4 Deposition of DLC Coatings 113 4.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition 113 4.4.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 114 4.4.3 Hybrid Coating Techniques 115 4.5 Structural Properties of DLC Coatings 115 4.6 Mechanical and Tribological Properties of DLC Coatings 117 4.7 Applications of DLC Coatings in Die Tools and Molds 118 4.8 Challenges and Future Perspective of DLC Coatings 121 5 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Solid Lubrication: Production Techniques, Properties, and Applications 129 5.1 Introduction 130 5.2 Classifications of DLC Coatings 131 5.2.1 Hydrogenated Dip-layer Capacitors (a-DLC) 132 5.2.2 DLC Coatings Devoid of Hydrogen (ta-C) 132 5.2.3 DLC Coatings Doped With Nitrogen (a-C:N) 132 5.2.4 Fluorinated DLC coatings (a-C:F) 133 5.2.5 Silicon-doped DLC coatings (a-C:Si) 133 5.2.6 Anhydrous Carbon Nitride Amorphous (a-CN:H) 133 5.3 Deposition Methods of DLC Coatings 133 5.3.1 Sputtering 133 5.3.1.1 Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering 133 5.3.1.2 Sputtering at Radio Frequency 134 5.3.2 Ion Beam Deposition 135 5.3.3 Cathodic Arc 135 5.3.4 Pulsed Laser Deposition 136 5.3.5 Chemical Vapor Deposition 137 5.3.6 Physical Vapor Deposition 138 5.4 Tribology of DLC Coatings 140 5.4.1 Effect of Surface Roughness on Wear and Friction 140 5.4.2 Effect of Environment on Wear and Friction 141 5.4.3 Effect of Substrate on Wear and Friction 142 5.5 Modification of DLC Coatings for Reduced Wear and Friction 143 5.5.1 DLC Coatings With Interlayers 144 5.5.2 Metal-doped DLC 144 5.5.3 Cr-based Interlayers DLC Coatings 145 5.6 Applications of DLC Coatings 145 5.7 Summary and Future Directions 146 6 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings and Green Lubricants 155 6.1 Introduction 155 6.2 DLC Coatings in Sustainable Tribology: Navigating Green Engineering Concepts 158 6.2.1 Biodegradable Oils 159 6.2.2 Low-SAPS Lubricants 160 6.2.3 Fatty Acids 161 6.2.4 Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives 162 6.2.5 Ionic Liquids 167 6.2.6 Water-based Lubricants and Polyhydric Alcohols 169 6.3 Role and Importance of Doping Elements on DLC Lubricating Properties 171 6.3.1 Influence of Dopants on the Surface Energy of DLC Coatings 171 6.3.2 Influence of Dopants on the Wetting Properties of DLC Coatings 174 6.4 Interactions of DLC Coatings with Green Additives 176 6.5 Lubrication Behavior of DLC Coatings with Base Lubricants 179 6.6 Conclusion 182 Section III Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Medical Applications 191 7 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Artificial Implants 193 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Requirements for DLC Coatings When Employed to Artificial Implants 195 7.2.1 Coating-Substrate Adhesion 196 7.2.2 Biological Compatibility 198 7.3 Application for Load-bearing Implants 198 7.3.1 Biotribological Studies on the Model Level 201 7.3.2 Biotribological Studies on the Component Level 213 7.4 Application for Dental Implants and Braces/Retainers 216 7.4.1 Dental Implants 216 7.4.2 Braces/Retainers 219 7.5 Concluding Remarks 222 8 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Orthopedic Implants and Surgical Tools 245 8.1 Introduction 245 8.2 Orthopedic Substrates and DLC Coating Techniques 246 8.3 Carbon Coatings as Part of Multilayer Systems or as a Base for Doping 248 8.4 Properties of DLC Coatings and Their Use in Orthopedics and Surgical Instruments 249 8.5 Examples of Applications of Carbon Coatings in Orthopedics and on Surgical Instruments 261 8.6 Conclusion 263 Section IV Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Electrical and Optical Devices 277 9 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Electric Storage Batteries 279 9.1 Introduction 279 9.2 Applications of DLC Coatings in Secondary Batteries 280 9.2.1 DLC Coatings on Alkali Metal Anodes 282 9.2.2 DLC Coatings on Carbon or Alloy-based Anodes 283 9.2.3 DLC Coatings on Cathodes 284 9.2.4 DLC Coatings on the Separator 286 9.3 Conclusions and Future Research 287 10 DLC Coatings for Optical and Optoelectronic Applications 293 10.1 Introduction 293 10.2 Production and Characterization Methods 295 10.3 Optical and Optoelectronic Properties 299 10.4 Effect of Production Methods/Parameters on DLC Film Properties 301 10.5 DLC Films in Optical and Optoelectronic Applications 303 10.6 Conclusion 307 Section V Emerging Applications of Diamond-like Carbon Coatings 313 11 Diamond-like Carbon Coatings for Polymers and Textiles 315 11.1 Introduction 315 11.2 Polymer Substrates and Techniques for Developing DLC Coatings on Them 317 11.3 Properties of DLC Coatings for Which They Find Application in Polymer Modification 318 11.4 Application Areas for Carbon Coatings for Polymers and Textiles 331 11.5 Conclusion 335 12 Diamond-like Carbon Coating Applications in MEMS 345 12.1 Introduction 346 12.2 Mechanical Properties of DLC Coatings 348 12.3 DLC Applications for Sensors 351 12.3.1 DLC Applications for Force Sensors 351 12.3.2 DLC Applications for Temperature Sensors 354 12.3.3 DLC Applications for Piezoresistive Sensor 355 12.3.4 DLC Applications for Strain Sensors 355 12.3.5 DLC Applications for Pressure Sensors 356 12.4 DLC Applications for Nanoactuators 357 12.5 Industrial Processing 358 12.6 Applications of DLC Coatings Structural Integrity 359 12.7 DLC Applications for MEMS Tribology 359 12.7.1 Nanofretting 360 12.7.2 Nanodot Contacts 361 12.7.3 Lubricant Life Assessment 363 12.8 DLC Coatings System and Performance 363 12.8.1 Hydrogenated and Non-hydrogenated DLC Coating 363 12.8.2 Role of Substrate Material 364 12.8.3 Wear at Microscopic Scale 365 12.8.4 Static Friction 366 12.9 Conclusion 366 13 Data-centric Process, Property, and Performance of Carbon Coatings 373 13.1 Introduction 373 13.2 Data-centric Manufacturing Process of Carbon Coatings 375 13.3 Data-centric Virtual Synthesis and Structural Design of Carbon Coatings 380 13.4 Understanding the Properties of Carbon Coatings With Data-centric Approaches 383 13.5 Data-centric Performance Assessment of Carbon Coatings 387 13.6 Applications of Carbon Coating in Enhancing the Heat Transfer Processes 397 13.6.1 Condensation Heat Transfer 398 13.6.2 Boiling Heat Transfer 402 13.7 Conclusion 405 14 Circularity and Techno-economic Analysis of Carbon-coated Products 413 14.1 Introduction 413 14.2 Potential Reprocessing Methods for Carbon De-coating 415 14.3 Decision Matrix of Carbon De-coating Methods 417 14.3.1 Process Robustness for De-coating 417 14.3.2 Process Efficiency to De-coat Carbon-coated Components 418 14.3.3 De-coating Processes and Base Material Safety 418 14.3.4 Sustainability Aspects of De-coating Processes 418 14.3.5 Technology Readiness Level of De-coating Processes 419 14.3.6 Cost 419 14.4 Technical Analysis of Carbon De-coating Methods 419 14.4.1 Robustness of De-coating Processes 420 14.4.2 Circularity Index for De-coating Processes 421 14.4.3 Safety Factor Index for De-coating Processes 421 14.4.4 Technology Readiness Levels of De-coating Processes 422 14.5 Economic Analysis of Carbon De-coating Methods 422 14.5.1 Capital Cost 422 14.5.2 Running Cost 422 14.6 Case Study – Carbon De-coating from Cutting Tools 423 14.7 Conclusion 426 Index 429
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Subject Areas: Mechanical engineering & materials [TG]
