Almost Citizens
Puerto Rico, the U.S. Constitution, and Empire

Tells the tragic story of Puerto Ricans who sought the post-Civil War regime of citizenship, rights, and statehood but instead received racist imperial governance.

Sam Erman (Author)

9781108415491, Cambridge University Press

Hardback, published 13 December 2018

290 pages, 9 b/w illus.
23.7 x 16 x 2.2 cm, 0.54 kg

'Almost Citizens provides the most detailed discussion yet of the politics and maneuvers that formed part of the definition of the legal status of Puerto Ricans during first 20 years of US colonial rule … The book is well documented with detailed footnotes.' Aldo Lauria Santiago, CENTRO Journal

Almost Citizens lays out the tragic story of how the United States denied Puerto Ricans full citizenship following annexation of the island in 1898. As America became an overseas empire, a handful of remarkable Puerto Ricans debated with US legislators, presidents, judges, and others over who was a citizen and what citizenship meant. This struggle caused a fundamental shift in constitution law: away from the post-Civil War regime of citizenship, rights, and statehood, and toward doctrines that accommodated racist imperial governance. Erman's gripping account shows how, in the wake of the Spanish-American War, administrators, lawmakers, and presidents together with judges deployed creativity and ambiguity to transform constitutional meaning for a quarter of a century. The result is a history in which the United States and Latin America, Reconstruction and empire, and law and bureaucracy intertwine.

Introduction
1. 1898: 'The constitutional lion in the path'
2. The Constitution and the new US expansion: debating the status of the Islands
3. 'We are naturally Americans': Federico Degetau and Santiago Iglesias pursue citizenship
4. 'American aliens': Isabel Gonzalez, Domingo Collazo, Federico Degetau, and the Supreme Court, 1902–1905
5. Reconstructing Puerto Rico, 1904–1909
6. The Jones Act and the long path to collective naturalization
Conclusion.

Subject Areas: Constitutional & administrative law [LND], Public international law [LBB], Legal history [LAZ], 20th century history: c 1900 to c 2000 [HBLW], History of the Americas [HBJK]