Introduction

Part I: Introduction to chronic wounds

Chapter 1: Dysfunctional wound healing in chronic wounds

Abstract:

1.1 Normal skin wound healing

1.2 Ageing skin and the onset of chronic, dysfunctional wound healing

1.3 Dysfunctional healing of chronic skin wounds

1.4 Conclusions

1.5 Acknowledgements

Chapter 2: The role of micro-organisms and biofilms in dysfunctional wound healing

Abstract:

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Microbiology and biofilms: not mutually exclusive

2.3 Biofilms and the interactive cooperative community

2.4 Biofilms in chronic wounds

2.5 Biofilms as therapeutic or restorative microbiology/modeling

2.6 Conclusion

Chapter 3: Scarring and scarless wound healing

Abstract:

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Wound healing process

3.3 Fibroproliferative scarring

3.4 Scarless fetal wound healing

3.5 Adult versus fetal wound healing

3.6 Treatment options for scars

3.7 Future trends

3.8 Conclusions

Chapter 4: The discovery and development of new therapeutic treatments for the improvement of scarring

Abstract:

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Scar-free and scar-forming healing

4.3 In vitro and in vivo models to investigate the mechanisms of scarring and evaluate potential treatments

4.4 Translation from pre-clinical studies to clinical efficacy

4.5 Understanding the mechanisms of action of prophylactic scar improvement therapies

4.6 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Monitoring chronic wounds and determining treatment

Abstract:

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Wound size measurements

5.3 Wound colour measurements

5.4 Background material

Part II: Biomaterial therapies for chronic wounds

Chapter 6: Functional requirements of wound repair biomaterials

Abstract:

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Wound pain and dressing materials

6.3 Exudate management

6.4 Prevention and control of infection

6.5 Odour management

6.6 Future trends

6.7 Sources of further information and advice

Chapter 7: Tissue-biomaterial interactions

Abstract:

7.1 Introduction: definitions

7.2 Overview of tissue-biomaterial interactions

7.3 Interactions at the biomaterial surface

7.4 Tissue response to biomaterial

7.5 Conclusion

Chapter 8: Polymeric materials for chronic wound and burn dressings

Abstract:

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Advanced moisture-retentive wound dressings

8.3 Polymeric materials in moist wound healing dressings

8.4 Infection control by polymeric wound dressings

8.5 Conclusion

8.6 Future trends

8.7 Acknowledgements

Chapter 9: Dry wound healing concept using spray-on dressings for chronic wounds

Abstract:

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The key properties of an ideal wound dressing

9.3 Using protein-based spray-on dressings in practice

9.4 Case studies

9.5 Conclusions

Chapter 10: Assessing the effectiveness of antimicrobial wound dressings in vitro

Abstract:

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Log reduction testing

10.3 Zone of inhibition (ZOI)

10.4 Bacterial barrier testing

10.5 Other considerations

10.6 Sources of further information and advice

Chapter 11: Adhesives and interfacial phenomena in wound healing

Abstract:

11.1 Principles of adhesion, adhesivity and interfacial behaviour

11.2 Bioadhesion: principles of adhesion applied to wound healing

11.3 Adhesives in wound healing: materials overview

11.4 Surgical adhesives and tissue sealants: structure and properties

11.5 Conclusions

Chapter 12: Wound healing studies and interfacial phenomena: use and relevance of the corneal model

Abstract:

12.1 Wound dressing biomaterials: interfacial aspects of compatibility and wound response

12.2 The corneal model in wound healing and biomaterial studies

12.3 Interfacial phenomena in ocular surface contact lens studies

12.4 Wound fluid and the tear film collection

12.5 Biomaterials in mucosal wound healing

12.6 Conclusions

Chapter 13: Sulphonated biomaterials as glycosaminoglycan mimics in wound healing

Abstract:

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Polymers and biomimesis

13.3 Biomimetic models

13.4 Sulphonated biomaterials in the context of biomimetic principles

13.5 Sulphonated biomaterials and the chronic wound: possible modes of biomimetic behaviour

13.6 Conclusions

Part III: Molecular therapies for chronic wounds

Chapter 14: Drug delivery dressings

Abstract:

14.1 Introduction

14.2 The role of drug delivery dressings in wound management

14.3 Topically delivered therapeutic compounds

14.4 Hydrocolloids

14.5 Hydrogels

14.6 Collagen

14.7 Alginates

14.8 Honey

14.9 Future trends

Chapter 15: Molecular and gene therapies for wound repair

Abstract:

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Methods of gene delivery

15.3 Gene therapy for wound healing

15.4 Ethical issues

15.5 Future trends

Chapter 16: Antimicrobial dressings

Abstract:

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Types of currently available dressings/formulations

16.3 Types of ‘antimicrobials’

16.4 Future trends

Chapter 17: Avotermin: emerging evidence of efficacy for the improvement of scarring

Abstract:

17.1 There is a medical need for therapies that reduce scarring following surgery

17.2 Current treatments for scar management are unsatisfactory

17.3 New biological approaches are in development for the prophylactic improvement of scarring

17.4 Conclusions and future trends

Part IV: Biologically derived and cell-based therapies for chronic wounds

Chapter 18: Engineered tissues for wound repair

Abstract:

18.1 Introduction

18.2 The wound microenvironment in wound repair

18.3 Traditional approaches to wound repair

18.4 Development of cellular therapies

18.5 Development of acellular therapies

18.6 Conclusion

18.7 Acknowledgement

Chapter 19: Commercialization of engineered tissue products

Abstract:

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Engineered templates and scaffolds

19.3 Processed tissues

19.4 Cell-based products

19.5 Lessons from the first generation

19.6 The second generation of advanced therapies

19.7 Delivering value in advanced therapies

19.8 Advanced therapies in the marketplace

19.9 Conclusion

Chapter 20: Biologically derived scaffolds

Abstract:

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-derived scaffolds

20.3 Silk-derived scaffolds

20.4 Collagen-derived scaffolds

20.5 Elastin-derived scaffolds

20.6 Resilin-derived scaffolds

20.7 Keratin-derived scaffolds

20.8 Polysaccharide-derived scaffolds

20.9 Conclusions and future trends

Chapter 21: Stem cell therapies for wound repair

Abstract:

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Frequently utilized sources of adult stem cells

21.3 Clinical applications of stem cells to wound healing

21.4 Conclusions

21.5 Acknowledgement

21.7 Appendix: list of abbreviations

Part V: Physical stimulation therapies for chronic wounds

Chapter 22: Electrical stimulation for wound healing

Abstract:

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Current of injury

22.3 Physiological effects of electrical stimulation

22.4 Antibacterial effects of electrical stimulation

22.5 The effect of high voltage pulsed current (HVPC) on wound healing

22.6 The effect of low intensity direct currents (LIDC) on wound healing

22.7 Other types of electrical stimulation applied to wounds

22.8 Discussion

22.9 Conclusion

Chapter 23: Negative pressure wound therapy

Abstract:

23.1 Introduction

23.2 History of negative pressure wound therapy

23.3 The science of negative pressure

23.4 The pathophysiologic mechanisms of action of negative pressure

23.5 The search for the perfect negative pressure technology

23.6 Conclusions

23.7 Acknowledgement

Chapter 24: Debridement methods of non-viable tissue in wounds

Abstract:

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Background

24.3 Complications of non-viable tissue in wounds and the need for debridement

24.4 Presence of biofilm

24.5 Organisation of debridement

24.6 Timing and types of debridement

24.7 Scoring the effectiveness of debridement

24.8 Debridement in the diabetic foot

24.9 Conclusions

Index