Acknowledgments xxxi

Topic A Background 1

Section I Context 3

1 An Introduction to Foundation Engineering 5

1.1 Introduction 5

1.2 Geosystems and Foundations 7

1.3 Foundation Engineering 8

1.4 Realm of Foundation Engineering 9

1.5 Challenging Conditions and Role of Foundation Engineer 10

1.6 Book Organization 16

1.7 Major Points 17

References 18

2 Foundation Systems – Forms and Function 19

2.1 Process for Engineering of Foundations: Data, Design, and Construction 19

2.2 Foundation Categories: Geometry and Construction Aspects 19

2.3 Intermediate Alternatives: Semi-deep Foundations 21

2.4 Intermediate Alternatives: Ground Modification 24

2.5 Foundation Form Aspects 28

2.6 Insights on Foundation Systems; Features and Functions 29

2.7 Overall Procedure for Foundation Design 32

2.8 Case Histories 33

2.9 Major Points 39

References 40

Section II Geotechnical Engineering 43

3 Geotechnical Site Investigation 45

3.1 Geotechnical Engineering 45

3.2 Geotechnical Investigations Extensions 47

3.3 Stages for Geotechnical Investigations 48

3.4 Extent of Geotechnical Site Investigation for Foundation Engineering 49

3.5 Sources of Geotechnical Data 53

3.6 In Situ Penetration Tests 57

3.7 Variability from Laboratory and In Situ Testing 58

3.8 Geotechnical Reports 58

3.9 Problematic Soils 62

3.10 Case Histories 70

3.11 Major Points 75

3.12 Questions and Problems 75

References 77

4 Soil and Rock Parameters for Foundations 79

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Basic Soil Mechanics for Foundation Engineering 80

4.3 Visual and Manual Soil Identification 85

4.4 Soil Classification Based on Laboratory Results 89

4.5 Soil Behavior Classification Based on In Situ Tests 94

4.6 Soil Geotechnical Parameters: Determination and Correlations 101

4.7 Rock Properties and Classification 118

4.8 Case Histories 124

4.9 Major Points 129

4.10 Questions and Problems 130

References 134

Topic B Shallow Foundations 137

Section III Spread Footings and Mats 139

5 Types and Construction Methods 141

5.1 Introduction of Shallow Foundations 141

5.2 Single Spread Foundations (Footings) 142

5.3 Combined Foundations 146

5.4 Mat Foundations 147

5.5 Uncommon Shallow Foundations 148

5.6 Case Histories 151

5.7 Major Points 154

5.8 Questions and Problems 155

References 156

6 Geotechnical Design Aspects 157

6.1 Stresses in Soil 157

6.2 Contact Pressure 160

6.3 Determining Bearing Capacity 163

6.4 Settlement Estimation 178

6.5 Stability Issues (External) 194

6.6 Major Points 200

6.7 Questions and Problems 202

References 205

7 Structural Analysis and Design 207

7.1 Introduction 207

7.2 Principles of Internal Foundations Analysis 208

7.3 Analysis of Flexible Foundations 214

7.4 Structural Foundation Design 222

7.5 Structural Design of Rigid Square Footings 223

7.6 Major Points 241

7.7 Questions and Problems 242

References 244

Section IV Ground Modifications 245

8 Difficult Soil Improvement 247

8.1 Introduction 247

8.2 Background 248

8.3 Soil Improvement Methods 248

8.4 Earth Works 248

8.5 Compaction and Densification 253

8.6 Physical and Chemical Modification 263

8.7 Hydraulic Modification 271

8.8 Reinforcement 277

8.9 Quality Control and Selection of Methods 283

8.10 Major Points 284

8.11 Questions and Problems 286

References 288

9 Foundations on Stabilized Soils 291

9.1 Introduction 291

9.2 Foundations on Massive Treated Soil 292

9.3 Foundations on Rigid Intrusions (Stone Columns) 299

9.4 Foundations on Reinforced Soils 308

9.5 Major Points 323

9.6 Questions and Problems 324

References 327

Topic C Semi-Deep Foundations 329

Section V Skirted, Floating, and Shell Foundations 331

10 Types and Construction Approach 333

10.1 Introduction 333

10.2 Geotechnical Background 334

10.3 Categories 335

10.4 Well Foundations 335

10.5 Skirted Foundations 338

10.6 Floating Foundations 339

10.7 Bucket Foundations 341

10.8 Spudcan 346

10.9 Shell Foundations 348

10.10 Major Points 353

10.11 Questions 354

References 356

11 Skirted, Bucket, and Spudcan Foundations 359

11.1 Introduction 359

11.2 Bearing Capacity Determination: Classic and Modified Approaches 361

11.3 Bearing Capacity of Skirted Foundations 361

11.4 Bearing Capacity of Bucket Foundations 366

11.5 Bearing Capacity of Spudcans 369

11.6 Bearing Capacity Semi-Deep Foundations under Combined Loading (VMH) 372

11.7 Main Correlations for Failure Pattern Under VMH Loading 377

11.8 Case Studies 380

11.9 Major Points 391

11.10 Questions and Problems 392

References 394

12 Floating (Balanced) Foundations 397

12.1 Background to Floating Foundations 397

12.2 Floating Foundations Principles 398

12.3 Types of Floating Foundations 398

12.4 Excavation Issues and Associated Difficulties 403

12.5 Supporting Systems 410

12.6 Floating Foundation Design 415

12.7 Case Studies 420

12.8 Major Points 425

12.9 Questions and Problems 426

References 428

13 Shell Foundations 431

13.1 Introduction 431

13.2 Overview of Shells in Civil Engineering 433

13.3 Categories of Shell Foundations 435

13.4 Design Approaches 438

13.5 Geotechnical Design Approach 441

13.6 Structural Design Approach 444

13.7 Case Studies 448

13.8 Case Studies 455

13.9 Questions and Problems 456

References 458

Topic D Deep Foundations 459

Section VI Single Piles and Drilled Shafts 461

14 Types and Installation 463

14.1 Deep Foundations Applications 463

14.2 Piles Materials and Cross-Sections 464

14.3 Pile Installation 466

14.4 Drilled Shafts (Bored Piles): Applications and Construction 473

14.5 Special Piles 479

14.6 Major Points 496

14.7 Questions and Problems 497

References 498

15 Geotechnical Design 501

15.1 Deep Foundation Design 501

15.2 Load Transfer Mechanism 502

15.3 Bearing Capacity: Static Analysis 504

15.4 Code-Based Methods 510

15.5 Load–Displacement of Piles (P–Δ) 517

15.6 Settlement 522

15.7 Resistance Distribution; Residual Stress 523

15.8 Helical Piles Capacity 526

15.9 Pullout Capacity 530

15.10 Post-Installation Capacity Variations 533

15.11 Major Points 545

15.12 Questions and Problems 546

References 549

16 In Situ Penetration Testing Applications 551

16.1 Introduction 551

16.2 Scale Effect in Correlations Between Pile, Foundation, and CPT 552

16.3 CPT and Pile Scale Effect for Toe Capacity 552

16.4 Scale Effect in Estimation of Shaft Capacity 558

16.5 CPT or SPT Records for Pile Installation 561

16.6 Commonly Used SPT-Based Methods for Pile Axial-Bearing Capacity 562

16.7 Commonly Used Direct CPT-Based Methods for Pile Axial-Bearing Capacity 567

16.8 Comments on the Methods 574

16.9 Case Histories 584

16.10 Major Points 591

16.11 Questions and Problems 591

References 599

17 Lateral Loading and Structural Aspect 603

17.1 Background of Lateral Loading 603

17.2 Foundation Resistance Against Lateral Loading 606

17.3 Analysis of Piles with Lateral Loads 608

17.4 Lateral Pressure – Displacement Approach (p–y Curves) 623

17.5 General Structural Design Aspects 630

17.6 Structural Considerations of Piles and Drilled Shafts 635

17.7 Piles and Drilled Shafts Design Under Combine Loading (VMH) 638

17.8 Shear Piles 641

17.9 Major Points 663

17.10 Questions and Problems 664

References 667

Section VII Combined Loading and Group Actions 671

18 Combined Loading and Pile Group 673

18.1 Introduction 673

18.2 Insight on Applied Pressure and Displacement Relation 676

18.3 Pile and Pile Group under Combined Loading 676

18.4 Load Distribution in a Pile Group 677

18.5 Bearing Capacity Under Axial Loads 681

18.6 Structural Design of Pile Cap 686

18.7 Settlement of Pile Group 689

18.8 Major Points 710

18.9 Questions and Problems 710

References 714

19 Piled Raft Foundations 717

19.1 Introduction 717

19.2 Principles 719

19.3 Geotechnical Performance 723

19.4 Special Considerations 730

19.5 Major Points 743

19.6 Questions 743

References 744

20 Performance Under Extreme Conditions 747

20.1 Introduction 747

20.2 Deep Foundations for Slope Stability 747

20.3 Downdrag Forces 755

20.4 Cyclic Loading and Its Effects on Deep Foundations Performance 761

20.5 Earthquake and Liquefaction 769

20.6 Scour 787

20.7 Major Points 800

20.8 Questions and Problems 801

References 803

Topic E Complementary Issues 807

Section VIII Testing and Numerical Approaches 809

21 Full Scale Load Testing and Inspections 811

21.1 Introduction 811

21.2 Shallow Foundations Testing 812

21.3 Deep Foundation Testing 820

21.4 Hybrid Foundations Testing 841

21.5 Rigid Intrusion And Micro-pile Testing 845

21.6 Integrity and Soundness Inspection 857

21.7 International Prediction Symposium Incorporating Comprehensive Pile Load Tests (Fellenius 2017) 870

21.8 Major Points 875

21.9 Questions and Problems 876

References 877

22 Numerical Analysis 883

22.1 Introduction 884

22.2 Preliminaries and Basic Concepts 884

22.3 Numerical Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering 890

22.4 Different Numerical Methods in Foundation Engineering 897

22.5 Common Software in Foundation Engineering 922

22.6 Numerical Modeling of Special Issues in Foundation Engineering 924

22.7 Major Points 958

22.8 Questions and Problems 959

References 960

Section IX Trends and Prospects 963

23 Uncertainty and Reliability 965

23.1 Introduction 965

23.2 Uncertainty Sources in Geotechnical Engineering 966

23.3 Random Analysis Techniques in Geotechnical Engineering 969

23.4 Methods for Determining the Reliability Index 969

23.5 Case Studies 976

23.6 Major Points 988

23.7 Questions and Problems 989

References 990

24 LRFD Approach and Some Codes Review 993

24.1 Introduction 993

24.2 Load and Resistance Factor Design 994

24.3 Axial Pile Bearing Capacity of Piles in Codes 999

24.4 Case Studies 1003

24.5 Major Points 1007

24.6 Questions and Problems 1007

References 1008

Topic F Recent Advances and Developments 1011

Section X Sustainable Development 1013

25 Data Mining-Based Design 1015

25.1 Introduction 1015

25.2 Soil Parameters and In Situ Testing Databases 1016

25.3 Shallow Foundation and In Situ Testing Databases 1016

25.4 Deep Foundations and In Situ Testing Databases 1017

25.5 New Approach for Pile Design Upon Cone Penetration Test Databases 1022

25.6 Implementations of Proposed Procedure 1024

25.7 Appraisal of Predictive CPT-Based Methods 1027

25.8 Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models for Optimized Selection of Methods 1033

25.9 Major Points 1034

25.10 Questions and Problems 1035

References 1036

26 Foundation Damages: Recognition and Repair 1041

26.1 Insight on Foundation Damages 1041

26.2 Geotechnical Aspects 1042

26.3 Issues Related to Structural Design and Construction Errors 1046

26.4 Durability and Aging Effects 1047

26.5 Neighboring and Circumferential Complications 1051

26.6 Damage Assessment 1057

26.7 Foundation Restoration and Retrofitting 1061

26.8 Major Points 1091

26.9 Questions and Problems 1092

References 1093

27 Foundation Selection: Performance, Sustainability, and Value Engineering/Optimization 1097

27.1 Overview of Foundations 1097

27.2 Multidisciplinary Approach 1099

27.3 Determinant Factors for Foundations Selection 1099

27.4 Project-Based Foundation Selection 1102

27.5 The Holistic Approach to Foundation Systems: Integrating Disciplines for Long-Term Stability and Preventing Improper Foundation Selection 1112

27.6 Sustainability Applications in Foundation Engineering 1117

27.7 Reuse of Existing Foundations After Demolition of the Structures 1132

27.8 Value Engineering and Optimization 1142

27.9 Major Points 1149

27.10 Questions and Problems 1151

References 1152

Subject Index 1157

Author Index 1181