Preface xvii

Acknowledgements xxv

The Authors xxix

Part One Perspectives and Foundations 1

1 Overview of Higher Education Law 3

1.1. How Far the Law Reaches and How Loud It Speaks 3

1.2. Evolution of Higher Education Law 7

1.3. The Governance of Higher Education 9

1.4. Sources of Higher Education Law 16

1.5. The Public-Private Dichotomy 23

1.6. Religion and the Public-Private Dichotomy 35

2. Legal Planning and Dispute Resolution 57

2.1. Legal Liability 57

2.2. Litigation in the Courts 66

2.3. Alternate Dispute Resolution 79

2.4. Institutional Management of Liability Risk 85

2.5. The Relationship Between Law and Policy 94

Part Two The College, Its Governing Board, and Employees 103

3. The College and Its Trustees 105

3.1. The Question of Authority 105

3.2. Institutional Tort Liability 109

3.3. Institutional Contract Liability 128

3.4. Institutional Liability for Violating Federal Constitutional Rights (Section 1983 Liability) 132

4. The College and Its Employees 142

4.1. Overview of Employment Relationships 142

4.2. Employment Contracts 144

4.3. Collective Bargaining 145

4.4. Personal Liability of Employees 149

4.5. Employment Discrimination 159

4.6. Affirmative Action 182

4.7. Application of Nondiscrimination Laws to Religious Institutions 190

4.8. Faculty Academic Freedom and Freedom of Expression 196

Part Three The College and Its Students 241

5. The Legal Status of Students 243

5.1. The Legal Status of Students 243

5.2. The Contractual Rights of Students 244

5.3. Student Academic Freedom 253

5.4. Students’ Legal Relationships with Other Students 262

5.5. Student Files and Records 269

6. Admissions and Financial Aid 280

6.1. Admissions 280

6.2. Financial Aid 330

7. The Campus Community 359

7.1. Student Housing 359

7.2. Campus Computer Networks 371

7.3. Campus Security 380

7.4. Other Support Services 390

8. Academic Policies and Concerns 402

8.1. Overview 402

8.2. Awarding of Grades and Degrees 402

8.3. Sexual Harassment of Students by Faculty Members 410

8.4. Evaluating Students with Disabilities 426

9. The Disciplinary Process 441

9.1. Disciplinary and Grievance Systems 441

9.2. Disciplinary Rules and Regulations 451

9.3. Procedures for Suspension, Dismissal, and Other Sanctions 456

10. Students’ Freedom of Expression 478

10.1. Student Protests and Freedom of Speech 478

10.2. Speech Codes and the Problem of Hate Speech 498

Part Four: The College and Its Student Organizations 511

11. Student Organizations and Their Members 513

11.1. Student Organizations 513

11.2. Fraternities and Sororities 538

11.3. The Student Press 549

12. Athletics 568

12.1. General Principles 568

12.2. Athletes’ Due Process Rights 569

12.3. Athletes’ Freedom of Speech 570

12.4. Pertinent Statutory Law 573

12.5. Athletic Scholarships 574

12.6. Sex Discrimination 578

12.7. Discrimination on the Basis of Disability 589

12.8. Drug Testing 591

12.9. Tort Liability for Athletic Injuries 596

Part Five: The College and The Outside World 605

13. Local and State Governments 607

13.1. Local Governments and the Local Community 607

13.2. State Government 648

14. The Federal Government 672

14.1. Overview of Federal Government Authority 672

14.2. Copyright Law 675

14.3. Trademark Law 690

14.4. Antitrust Law 696

14.5. Americans with Disabilities Act 702

14.6. Laws Regulating Computer Network Communications 705

14.7. Federal Taxation of Postsecondary Education 718

14.8. Federal Aid-to-Education Programs 722

14.9. Civil Rights Compliance 725

14.10. Dealing with the Federal Government 744

15. Private Entities 758

15.1. Education Associations 758

15.2. Accrediting Agencies 760

15.3. Athletic Associations and Conferences 762

15.4. Private Business 780

Appendix A. Constitution of the United States of America: Provisions of Particular Interest to Postsecondary Education 794

Cases Index 799

Statute Index 811

Subject Index 815