A Democracy of Facts
Natural History in the Early Republic

Andrew J. Lewis (Author)

9780812243086

Hardback, published 5 April 2011

216 pages, 15 illus.
22.9 x 15.2 x 2.3 cm, 0.492 kg

"A valuable contribution."" (Journal of American History) "Highly recommended." (Choice) "Andrew J. Lewis has written a useful and generative book that is essential reading for anyone interested in how natural history became science as its practitioners turned away from the public to embrace the state." (William and Mary Quarterly) "Andrew Lewis, in his brilliant analysis of natural history in the new republic, significantly enlarges and expands our knowledge of science in the early decades of the United States." (Reviews in American History) "Once in a while a book pulls together the scholarship of a generation, synthesizes it into a coherent and persuasive account, and thus becomes the platform from which new scholarship must necessarily launch. This is one of those books. In this survey of how Americans thought about and practiced science from the 1780s to the 1840s, Andrew J. Lewis uses archival research and perceptive analysis to deepen our understanding of science in the early American republic." (American Historical Review)

A Democracy of Facts chronicles the fascinating story of American naturalists who came of age and stumbled toward a profession in the years after the American Revolution.
In a political climate mistrusting of elites and book knowledge, naturalists turned to the American populace, especially its farmers and artisans, for information to catalog and describe the fledgling nation's natural environment. From these ordinary Americans, naturalists gathered a vast wealth of fact and opinion about the natural world of North America. But in relying on those who daily lived in and worked with nature, naturalists were obliged to engage directly with people who disagreed with them, who were unafraid to challenge scientific expertise and ignore scientific authority. As experts and ordinary Americans argued about nature, they exposed larger fault lines in American society-over useful versus academic knowledge, empirical experience versus professional expertise, and the struggle for and against cultural authority. In the debate over the natural history of the new nation, citizens in the early republic were entitled to their own opinions as well as their own facts.
Drawing on examples from ornithology, botany, antiquities, theology, and geology, historian Andrew J. Lewis concludes that American naturalists could not control the whims and fancies of public opinion and were successful in establishing their authority only after they aligned their interests with the emerging bureaucratic state. Through this process, natural history became professional science.
The first historical overview of early American natural history in many years, A Democracy of Facts will interest readers eager to learn about the birth of science in America and those curious to witness early Americans interacting with the natural world and each other.

Introduction: From an Empire of Reason to a Democracy of Facts
Chapter 1. The Revolution in Natural History Practice: Democratic Science and the Case of Submerging Swallows
Chapter 2. Natural History and the Market Economy: The Profitability of Plants and Rocks
Chapter 3. The Perils of a Democracy of Facts: Interpreting American Antiquities
Chapter 4. Disciplining the Democracy of Facts: A Theology of Nature
Chapter 5. Making Natural History Credible: Geological Surveys and the Utility of Republican Science
Epilogue: Scientific Practice in the Nineteenth Century
Notes
Index
Acknowledgments