{"product_id":"water-softening-with-potassium-chloride-process-health-and-environmental-benefits-hardback-9780470087138","title":"Water Softening with Potassium Chloride; Process, Health, and Environmental Benefits (Hardback) 9780470087138","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eWater Softening with Potassium Chloride\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\u003cfont size=\"5\"\u003eProcess, Health, and Environmental Benefits\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eRod McEachern (Author), William Wist (Author), Jay H. Lehr (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9780470087138, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 23 October 2009\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e272 pages\u003cbr\u003e24.4 x 16.3 x 2.2 cm, 0.572 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003ePotassium chloride is a logical alternative to sodium chloride in water softening. Water Softening with Potassium Chloride provides a thorough overview of the process, the equipment, and the techniques used. Then it compiles diverse trade and technical data on water softening with potassium chloride so readers can make informed decisions. It documents the health and environmental consequences and benefits of using potassium chloride and includes a chapter with summaries of recent research projects and FAQs. This is a key reference for professional water treatment specialists, environmental science researchers, and others.\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePREFACE xi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 WHAT IS POTASSIUM CHLORIDE? 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaskatchewan Potash History 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotash Mining 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolution Mining 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing Potash Ore 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStorage, Transportation, and Distribution of Potash 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotash Products 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 WHAT IS HARD WATER? 34\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of Hard Water 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Hard Water is Created 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems Associated With Hard Water 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow Hard Water is Measured 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniform Degrees of Hardness 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Hardness 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 LOWERING WATER HARDNESS 43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIon Exchange 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeionization or Demineralization 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReverse Osmosis 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistillation 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrecipitation 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 THE ION EXCHANGE PROCESS 54\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthesis and Structure of Ion Exchange Resins 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Ion Exchange Resins 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold Water Softening 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypical Household Water Softeners 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocurrent and Countercurrent Regeneration 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMathematical Treatment of Ion Exchange Equilibria 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelectivity of Ion Exchange Reactions 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 BASIC CHEMISTRY OF ION EXCHANGE 78\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Building Blocks of Matter 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtomic and Molecular Weights 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCations and Anions 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Reactions 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 OPERATION AND TYPES OF WATER SOFTENERS 86\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Methods of Regeneration 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperation of a Typical Water Softener 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommon Sequences of Cycles 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Water Softeners 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSizing a Water Softener 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE REGENERANT FOR WATER SOFTENING 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternate Regenerants 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium Chloride Regenerant 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial Comparison of KCl and NaCl 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenges When Using KCl as a Regenerant 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequently Asked Questions 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 COMPARISON OF KCl AND NaCl AS REGENERANT 115\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of Terms 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheoretical Capacities of KCl and NaCl Regenerants 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation of Regeneration Efficiency 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSizing a Softener for Salt Efficiency 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications for Salt Consumption 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Salt Released to the Environment 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Solubility 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Speed of Dissolution 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Capacity 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Used and Unused Regenerant 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Release of Chlorides to the Environment 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Taste 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Generation of Fines 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Sodium Content of Softened Water 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Potassium Content of Softened Water 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of KCl and NaCl: Total Dissolved Solids 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 157\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium versus Sodium: Impact on Soil 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium versus Sodium: Impact on Septic Systems 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium versus Sodium: Impact on Sewage Treatment Systems 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium versus Sodium: Sewage Sludge 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium versus Sodium: Algae Growth 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium versus Sodium: Impact on Plants and Animals 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium versus Sodium: Use of Recycled Graywater 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecycling Regenerant Wastewater 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Regenerant Wastewater Studies at University of California, Davis 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Conclusion 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 POTASSIUM AND HUMAN HEALTH 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntroduction 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellular Physiology of Potassium 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium Balance 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefects in Potassium Elimination 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical Conditions Related to Potassium Excess 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical Conditions Related to Potassium Deficit 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect Role of Potassium in Health 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 ONGOING RESEARCH 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron and Manganese Removal 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrade of KCl Regenerant 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCocurrent versus Countercurrent Regeneration 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePortable Exchange Tanks 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch into Alternate Regenerants 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAPPENDIX 1 STANDARD TEST PROTOCOL FOR COMPARISON OF KCl AND NaCl REGENERANTS 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtocol Development 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Test Protocol 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAPPENDIX 2 LABORATORY DATA OBTAINED WITH THE STANDARD TEST PROTOCOL 233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAPPENDIX 3 ACCELERATED MUSH TEST 243\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApparatus 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eINDEX 245\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: Chemistry [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on Chemistry\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22Chemistry%20%5BPN%5D%22\"\u003ePN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52257033355544,"sku":"9780470087138","price":94.38,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9780470087138.jpg?v=1781275918","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/water-softening-with-potassium-chloride-process-health-and-environmental-benefits-hardback-9780470087138","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}