{"product_id":"the-use-and-development-of-the-xinkan-languages-hardback-9781477308318","title":"The Use and Development of the Xinkan Languages (Hardback) 9781477308318","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eThe Use and Development of the Xinkan Languages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eChris Rogers (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781477308318, University of Texas Press\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 28 June 2016\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e278 pages\u003cbr\u003e25.4 x 17.8 x 2.3 cm, 0.454 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce spoken only in Santa Rosa Department, Guatemala, the Xinkan language family is unique within Mesoamerica, comprising four closely related languages that are unrelated to any of the other language groups used within the region. Descriptions of Xinkan date to 1770 but are typically only sketches or partial word lists. Not even the community of indigenous people who identify as Xinka today-the last speakers-have had access to a reliable descriptive source on their ancestral tongue. Preserving this endangered communication system in accurate, thorough detail, \u003ci\u003eThe Use and Development of the Xinkan Languages\u003c\/i\u003e presents a historical framework, internal classifications, and both synchronic and diachronic descriptions, incorporating all elements of grammar based on extensive unpublished data collected in the 1970s by Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis valuable contribution is enhanced by author Chris Rogers’s emphasis on contextualizing the findings. Introducing the languages, Rogers presents important information regarding the social and cultural milieu of the speakers. He also traces a phonological reconstruction of Proto-Xinkan and reconstructs historical morphology and syntax. These revelations are of particular interest because the development of Xinka and the many aspects of Xinka morphosyntax have not been well understood. A sample text, “Na Mulha Uy,” is included as well. Solving numerous complex, centuries-old linguistic puzzles, \u003ci\u003eThe Use and Development of the Xinkan Languages\u003c\/i\u003e unlocks new potential for the rediscovery of a rich cultural history.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLIST OF FIGURES\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLIST OF TABLES\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE LANGUAGES AND THEIR SPEAKERS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1.1. THE XINKAN LINGUISTIC CONTEXT\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1.2. PAST WORK WITH THE XINKAN LANGUAGES\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1.3. THE XINKAN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e1.4. ORGANIZATION OF THE GRAMMAR \u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e1.4.1. Description of data sources\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePART I. THE USE OF THE XINKAN LANGUAGES: SYNCHRONIC GRAMMAR \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 2. PHONOLOGY \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.1. VOWELS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.1.1. Vowel length\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.1.2. Vowel Harmony\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.2. CONSONANTS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.2.1. GuazacapÁ\u003cbr\u003en\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.2.2. Chiquimulilla\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.2.3. Jumaytepeque\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.2.4. Yupiltepeque\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.2.5. Consonant distribution\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3. PHONOLOGICAL ALTERNATIONS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.1. Glottalization\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.2. Voicing of stop following a nasal\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.3. Nasal assimilation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.4. Lenition to [h]\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.5. Vowel raising\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.6. Glottal-stop epenthesis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.7. Consonant dissimilation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.3.8. Guazacapan Consonant deletion\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.4. SYLLABLE STRUCTURE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.5. STRESS\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e2.6. ORTHOGRAPHY\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 3. MORPHOLOGY \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.1. NOUNS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.1.1. Possession\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.1.2. Number\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.1.3. Diminutive constructions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.2. ADJECTIVES \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.2.1. Adjectives as modifiers of nouns\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.2.2. Adjectives modified by ki ‘\u003cbr\u003every’\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.2.3. Comparative and Superlative Constructions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.3. DETERMINERS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.3.1. Articles\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.3.2. Demonstratives\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.3.3. Quantifiers\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.4. NOUN PHRASES\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.5. PRONOUNS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.5.1. Independent personal pronouns\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.5.2. Dependent pronouns\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6. VERBS \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.1. Verb classes and transitivity\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.2. Subject agreement\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.3. Grammatical aspect\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.4. Imperative form\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.5. Constrastive construction in GuazacpÁ\u003cbr\u003en\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.6. Tense\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.7. Grammatical Voice\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.6.8. Mood and modality\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.7. RELATIONAL NOUNS\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.8. VERBAL PARTICLES \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.8.1. p’\u003cbr\u003ee\/p’\u003cbr\u003eeh directional\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.8.2. wa optative\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.8.3. Negative imperative particle in GuazacapÁ\u003cbr\u003en\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.8.4. Verbs borrowed from Spanish\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.9. NOMINAL PARTICLES \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.9.1. kumu ‘\u003cbr\u003eas’\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.9.2. ti’\u003cbr\u003ei- \/ t’\u003cbr\u003ei- direct object\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.9.3. ‘\u003cbr\u003ei- reflexive in GuazacapÁ\u003cbr\u003en\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.9.4. ki’\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.9.5. kiki-\/kih\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.10. QUESTION WORDS\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.11. CONJUNCTIONS\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.12. DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.12.1. Noun derivations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.12.2. Adjective derivations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e3.12.3. Verbal derivation\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 4. SYNTAX \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.1. SYNTACTIC ALIGNMENT \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.1.1. Grammatical relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.1.2. Semantic relations\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.1.3. Antipassive and verb agreement\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.2. SIMPLE SENTENCE FORMATION \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.2.1. Sentences with verbs\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.2.2. Copular sentences\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.3. QUESTION FORMATION \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.3.1. Yes\/no questions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.3.2. Content questions (wh-questions)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.4. PREPOSING\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.5. NEGATION\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.6. COMPLEX SENTENCE FORMATION \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.6.1. Conjoined clauses\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.6.2. Serial verb constructions\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.6.3. Relative clauses\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.6.4. Complement clauses\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.6.5. Adverbial clauses\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e4.6.6. Conditional clauses\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 5. TEXT \u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e5.1. NA MULHA UY\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePART II THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE XINKAN LANGUAGES: DIACHRONIC GRAMMAR \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 6. HISTORICAL PHONOLOGY \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.1. INTRODUCTION\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.2. COMMENTARY ON THE RECONSTRUCTION OF PROTO-XINKAN\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.3. PROTO-XINKAN PHONOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.3.1Consonants\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.3.2. Vowel changes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.4. SUMMARY OF SOUND CHANGES\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.5. SUBGROUPING\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e6.6. CONCLUSION\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 7. HISTORICAL MORPHOLOGY \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7.1. PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL AFFIXES \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7.1.1. Pronouns\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7.1.2. Pronominal affixes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e7.2. BOUND MORPHOLOGY\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 8. HISTORICAL SYNTAX \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.1OVERVIEW OF SYNTACTIC RECONSTRUCTION\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.2. XINKAN SYNTACTIC RECONSTRUCTION \u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.2.1. Syntactic alignment\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.2.2. Verb classes\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.2.3. Word order\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e8.2.4. Nominal syntax reconstruction\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCHAPTER 9. LOOKING FORWARD\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAPPENDIX\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eREGULAR VERB CONJUGATION\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIRREGULAR VERB CONJUGATION\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBIBLIOGRAPHY\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTYPOLOGICAL INDEX\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTOPICAL INDEX\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNOTES\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"University of Texas Press","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52589099712792,"sku":"9781477308318","price":55.59,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/the-use-and-development-of-the-xinkan-languages-hardback-9781477308318","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}