{"product_id":"the-evolution-of-earths-climate-hardback-9781119407065","title":"The Evolution of Earth's Climate (Hardback) 9781119407065","description":"\u003cfont face=\"Georgia\"\u003e\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"6\"\u003eThe Evolution of Earth's Climate\u003c\/font\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"4\"\u003eJ. O. Robertson (Author), G. V. Chilingar (Author), O. G. Sorokhtin (Author), N. O. Sorokhtin (Author), W. Long (Author)\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e9781119407065, Wiley\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eHardback, published 12 October 2018\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e304 pages\u003cbr\u003e1 x 1 x 1 cm, 0.454 kg\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003cp align=\"justify\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWritten by a group of the most experienced and well-known environmental engineers in the world, from a unique perspective, this volume explores the hot-button issue of climate change, its causes, and the future of the planet.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate change is one of the most controversial and argued issues in the world today, and it has been for years. It has been politicized by politicians on all sides, some scientists have used the study of it for their own material gain above true scientific discovery, and some scientific theories surrounding it have been believed even though proven false. But there is not, by any means, complete agreement among all scientists throughout the world on this issue.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWritten by two of the world's most well-respected environmental and petroleum engineers, this book is meant to be one voice in the scientific literature on this important subject. Other books, also available from Wiley-Scrivener, take the opposite stance, but it is important, in our scientific journey, to listen to all voices and rely on facts, rather than opinions. We trust the reader to make his or her decisions based on all of the facts, and not just some of them.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntroduction xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I: Climatic Paradox 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Climatic Paradox 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistoric Temperatures of Early Earth 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcepts by Some of Global Warming 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Historic Temperature Charts 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMisuse of Temperature Charts 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of Paleoclimatology to Estimate Prehistoric Temperatures 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of the Oxygen Isotope Ratio to Estimate Historic Temperatures 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistoric Temperature Charts for the Past 4.6 BY 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlacial Periods and Interglacial Periods (4.5 to 0.540 BY AGO) 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistoric Temperature Record of the Past 540 MY 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToday’s Temperature Charts 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sun—a Primary Source of Energy 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Aspects of the Sun 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSunspots 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolar Irradiation Reaching the Earth 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sun’s Energy 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy Received by the Earth from the Sun 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Paradox Reviewed 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Adiabatic Theory 29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTroposphere 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow is Heat Transferred in the Troposphere? 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModeling the Earth’s Troposphere 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeatures of the Earth’s Atmosphere 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of an Adiabatic Equation 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelopment of the Adiabatic Equation 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Troposphere Model 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Precession Angle 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication of Adiabatic Equation to the Planet Venus 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 The Earth’s Synoptic Activities 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreenhouse Effect Adiabatic Theory 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel of Heat Transfer in the Troposphere 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II: Development of the Hydrosphere 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Development of Earth’s Hydrosphere 61\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrosphere of the Primordial Earth 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormation of the Hydrosphere 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III: Development of the Earth’s Atmosphere 79\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Earth’s Historic Atmospheres 81\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Primordial Atmosphere 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s First Atmosphere (Hadean time—4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Second Atmosphere (Archean time, 4.0 to 2.5 BY ago) 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Third Atmosphere (Proterozoic to mid-Phanerozoic time – 2.5 to 0.54 BY ago) 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToday’s Atmosphere (Phanerozoic time, 0.542 BY ago to today) 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Earth’s Future Atmosphere 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Nitrogen in Earth’s Atmosphere 91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin of Earth’s Atmospheric Nitrogen 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate of the Earth’s Volume of Organic-Nitrogen Sediments 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Development of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere 99\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of Free Oxygen in Earth’s Atmosphere 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Development of Methane in Earth’s Atmosphere 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethane the Gas 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistoric Levels of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring of Methane Gas Emissions 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Effect of the Greenhouse Gases 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Greenhouse Gases 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Classic \u003ci\u003eGreenhouse Effect \u003c\/i\u003e130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Greenhouse Gases 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the Greenhouse Effect 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Greenhouse Effect 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of the Precession Angle 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvective Heat Transsphere in Troposphere 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Water Vapor on Heat Transfer 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Carbon Dioxide on Temperature Distribution 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Effect of Carbon Dioxide Anthropogenic Emissions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Development of Carbon Dioxide in Earth’s Atmosphere 147\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbon Dioxide 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of Carbon Dioxide 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Carbon Cycle 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of Carbon in the Earth’s Crust 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass of Carbon in the Earth’s Mantle 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistoric Content of Carbon Dioxide in the Earth’s Atmosphere 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Hadean Atmosphere (4.56 to 4.0 BY ago) 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Archaean Atmosphere (4.0 to 2.4 BY ago) 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Proterozoic and Phanerozoic Atmosphere (2.4 BY ago to today) 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnthropogenic Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistoric Effect of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Ozone in the Earth’s Atmosphere 173\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of Ozone 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOzone Layer as the “Earth’s Shield” 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtmospheric Gases Ability to Absorb Energy 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ozone Hole 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOzone – Methane Reaction 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcluding Remarks 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Evolution of Atmospheric Composition and Pressure 191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartial Pressure of Atmospheric Gases 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV: Various Factors Affecting the Evolution of the Earth’s Climate 197\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Earth’s Orbital Distance from the Sun 199\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Gravity on Earth’s Orbital Paths 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEarth’s Orbital Path About the Sun 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKepler’s Laws Pertaining to Planetary Orbits 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEccentricity of an Object’s Orbit 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Other Planets on Earth’s orbit 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Effect of the Planet Jupiter on Earth’s Orbital Path 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Climatalogical Effect of Continental Drift 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinental Drift’s Effect on the Earth’s Precession Angle 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitudinal Temperature Contrast on Earth’s Surface 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Earth’s Future Climate 235\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusions 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences and Bibliography 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor Index 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubject Index 275\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cfont size=\"3\"\u003eSubject Areas: The environment [\u003ca title=\"See our other books on The environment\" href=\"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/search?q=%22The%20environment%20%5BRN%5D%22\"\u003eRN\u003c\/a\u003e]\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n\u003c\/font\u003e","brand":"Wiley-Scrivener","offers":[{"title":"Brand New","offer_id":52428572590360,"sku":"9781119407065","price":136.78,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0730\/2037\/5320\/files\/9781119407065.jpg?v=1784680165","url":"https:\/\/freshlyprintedbooks.co.uk\/products\/the-evolution-of-earths-climate-hardback-9781119407065","provider":"Freshly Printed Books","version":"1.0","type":"link"}